{"doi":"10.1002/mrm.29039","title":"OxyChip embedded with radio‐opaque gold nanoparticles for anatomic registration and oximetry in tissues","abstract":"PURPOSE: Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry using the OxyChip as an implantable oxygen sensor can directly and repeatedly measure tissue oxygen levels. A phase I, first-in-human clinical study has established the safety and feasibility of using OxyChip for reliable and repeated measurements of oxygen levels in a variety of tumors and treatment regimens. A limitation in these studies is the inability to easily locate and identify the implanted probes in the tissue, particularly in the long term, thus limiting spatial/anatomical registration of the implant for proper interpretation of the oxygen data. In this study, we have developed and evaluated an enhanced oxygen-sensing probe embedded with gold nanoparticles (GNP), called the OxyChip-GNP, to enable visualization of the sensor using routine clinical imaging modalities. METHODS: In vitro characterization, imaging, and histopathology studies were carried out using tissue phantoms, excised tissues, and in vivo animal models (mice and rats). RESULTS: The results demonstrated a substantial enhancement of ultrasound and CT contrast using the OxyChip-GNP without compromising its electron paramagnetic resonance and oxygen-sensing properties or biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS: The OxyChips embedded with gold nanoparticles (OxyChip-GNP) can be readily identified in soft tissues using standard clinical imaging modalities such as CT, cone beam-CT, or ultrasound imaging while maintaining its capability to make repeated in vivo measurements of tissue oxygen levels over the long term. This unique capability of the OxyChip-GNP facilitates precisely localized in vivo oxygen measurements in the clinical setting.","journal":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","year":2021,"id":185314,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9574,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":676071,"name":"Kendra A. Hebert","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":343420,"name":"Dan Tse","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":741790,"name":"Sassan Hodge","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250014,"name":"Benjamin B. Williams","orcid":"0000-0003-4330-6256","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":309222,"name":"Philip E. Schaner","orcid":"0000-0002-5239-1950","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342324,"name":"Periannan Kuppusamy","orcid":"0000-0002-3214-0660","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":343423,"name":"Maciej M. Kmieć","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:48:34.992499Z","pmid":"34719047","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}