{"doi":"10.1002/mrm.27350","title":"Changes in the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency energy in patients with retained cardiac leads during MRI at 1.5T and 3T","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose</jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the local specific absorption rate (SAR) and heating around retained cardiac leads during MRI at 64 MHz (1.5T) and 127 MHz (3T) as a function of RF coil type and imaging landmark.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Numerical models of retained cardiac leads were built from CT and X‐ray images of 6 patients with retained cardiac leads. Electromagnetic simulations and bio‐heat modeling were performed with MRI RF body and head coils tuned to 64 MHz and 127 MHz and positioned at 9 different imaging landmarks covering an area from the head to the lower limbs.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>For all patients and at both 1.5T and 3T, local transmit head coils produced negligible temperature rise (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0001\"/>) for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0002\"/>. For body imaging with quadrature‐driven coils at 1.5T, \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0003\"/> during a 10‐min scan remained &lt; 3°C at all imaging landmarks for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0004\"/> and &lt;6°C for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0005.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0005\"/>. For body imaging at 3T, \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0006\"/> during a 10‐min scan remained &lt; 6°C at all imaging landmarks for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0007.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0007\"/>. For shorter pulse sequences up to 2 min, \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0008.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0008\"/> remained &lt; 6°C for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0009.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0009\"/>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>For the models based on 6 patients studied, simulations suggest that MRI could be performed safely using a local head coil at both 1.5T and 3T, and with a body coil at 1.5T with pulses that produced \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0010.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0010\"/>. MRI at 3T could be performed safely in these patients using pulses with \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0011.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0011\"/>.</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","year":2019,"id":666507,"datarank":0.5897738449086489,"base_score":3.9318256327243257,"endowment":3.9318256327243257,"self_citation_contribution":0.5897738449086489,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5897738449086489,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":50,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":374724,"name":"Amir Ali Rahsepar","orcid":"0000-0002-6228-4673","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1740545,"name":"John E Kirsch","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":979019,"name":"Kenichiro Suwa","orcid":"0000-0001-6934-7932","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":319744,"name":"Jeremy D. Collins","orcid":"0000-0003-0707-1736","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1483352,"name":"Leonardo M. Angelone","orcid":"0000-0002-1105-021X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":492626,"name":"Boris Keil","orcid":"0000-0003-0805-8330","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1740546,"name":"Rod S. Passman","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196040,"name":"Giorgio Bonmassar","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":496218,"name":"Peter Serano","orcid":"0000-0002-6777-6810","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1740550,"name":"Peter Krenz","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1740552,"name":"Jim DeLap","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1740553,"name":"James C. Carr","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":241418,"name":"Lawrence L. Wald","orcid":"0000-0001-8278-6307","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":351150,"name":"Laleh Golestanirad","orcid":"0000-0003-3869-6114","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Changes in the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency energy in patients with retained cardiac leads during MRI at 1.5T and 3T","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose</jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the local specific absorption rate (SAR) and heating around retained cardiac leads during MRI at 64 MHz (1.5T) and 127 MHz (3T) as a function of RF coil type and imaging landmark.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Numerical models of retained cardiac leads were built from CT and X‐ray images of 6 patients with retained cardiac leads. Electromagnetic simulations and bio‐heat modeling were performed with MRI RF body and head coils tuned to 64 MHz and 127 MHz and positioned at 9 different imaging landmarks covering an area from the head to the lower limbs.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>For all patients and at both 1.5T and 3T, local transmit head coils produced negligible temperature rise (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0001\"/>) for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0002\"/>. For body imaging with quadrature‐driven coils at 1.5T, \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0003\"/> during a 10‐min scan remained &lt; 3°C at all imaging landmarks for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0004\"/> and &lt;6°C for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0005.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0005\"/>. For body imaging at 3T, \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0006\"/> during a 10‐min scan remained &lt; 6°C at all imaging landmarks for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0007.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0007\"/>. For shorter pulse sequences up to 2 min, \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0008.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0008\"/> remained &lt; 6°C for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0009.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0009\"/>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>For the models based on 6 patients studied, simulations suggest that MRI could be performed safely using a local head coil at both 1.5T and 3T, and with a body coil at 1.5T with pulses that produced \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0010.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0010\"/>. MRI at 3T could be performed safely in these patients using pulses with \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mrm27350-math-0011.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm27350:mrm27350-math-0011\"/>.</jats:p></jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.9318256327243257,"endowment":3.9318256327243257,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"29893997","pmcid":"PMC6258273","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2808220902","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"K99EB021320","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"R01EB00684","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"R01MH111875","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"R03 EB024705","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIBIB NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 EB006847","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIBIB NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 EB024343","title":null}],"total_grants":6,"fwci":3.5195,"citation_percentile":0.93684956,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":4},{"year":2020,"count":8},{"year":2021,"count":9},{"year":2022,"count":12},{"year":2023,"count":8},{"year":2024,"count":4},{"year":2025,"count":4}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/mrm.27350","host_type":"BRONZE"},{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fmrm.27350","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mrm.27350","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27350","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29893997","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6258273","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics","Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies","Physics","Medicine","Engineering","Adult","Algorithms","Computer Simulation","Defibrillators, Implantable","Device Removal","Female","Finite Element Analysis","Foreign Bodies","Heart","Heart Failure","Heart Rate","Heart Transplantation","Hot Temperature","Humans","Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","Imaging, Three-Dimensional","Leg","Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Male","Middle Aged","Pacemaker, Artificial","Patient Safety","Postoperative Complications","Prostheses and Implants","Radio Waves","Reproducibility of Results","Retrospective Studies","Young Adult"],"mesh_terms":["Adult","Algorithms","Computer Simulation","Female","Foreign Bodies","Heart","Heart Failure","Heart Rate","Hot Temperature","Humans","Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","Leg","Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Male","Middle Aged","Pacemaker, Artificial","Postoperative Complications","Radio Waves","Retrospective Studies","Reproducibility of Results","Heart Transplantation","Defibrillators, Implantable","Prostheses and Implants","Finite Element Analysis","Device Removal","Imaging, Three-Dimensional","Young Adult","Patient Safety"],"keywords":["Specific absorption rate","Electromagnetic coil","Radiofrequency coil","Magnetic resonance imaging","Absorption (acoustics)","Nuclear medicine","Pulse (music)","Nuclear magnetic resonance","Head (geology)","Materials science","Biomedical engineering","Physics","Medicine","Radiology","Optics","Computer science","Safety","Finite element method","SAR","Pacemaker","Defibrillator","Computational Modeling","Anatomical Models","Rf Heating","Abandoned Lead","Cardiac Implanted Electronic Device","Retained Lead"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-13T14:40:59.727325Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}