{"doi":"10.1002/mds.30134","title":"Noninvasive Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease Reduces Beta Activity","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a novel noninvasive electrical stimulation technique to focally modulate deep brain regions; a minimum of two high‐frequency signals (<jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub> and <jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub> &gt; 1 kHz) interfere to create an envelope‐modulated signal at a deep brain target with the frequency of modulation equal to the difference frequency: Δ<jats:italic>f</jats:italic> = |<jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub> – <jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub>|.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>The goals of this study were to verify the capability of TIS to modulate the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with Δ<jats:italic>f</jats:italic> and to compare the effect of TIS and conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the STN beta oscillations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>DBS leads remained externalized after implantation, allowing local field potentials (LFPs) recordings in eight patients with PD. TIS was performed initially by two pairs (<jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub> = 9.00 kHz; <jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub> = 9.13 kHz, 4 mA peak‐peak per pair maximum) of scalp electrodes placed in temporoparietal regions to focus the envelope signal maximum (Δ<jats:italic>f</jats:italic> = 130 Hz) at the motor part of the STN target.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The comparison between the baseline LFPs and recordings after TIS and conventional DBS sessions showed substantial suppression of high beta power peak after both types of stimulation in all patients.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>TIS has the potential to effectively modulate the STN and reduce the beta oscillatory activity in a completely noninvasive manner, as is traditionally possible only with intracranial DBS. Future studies should confirm the clinical effectiveness of TIS and determine whether TIS could be used to identify optimal DBS candidates and individualize DBS targets. © 2025 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders</jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Movement Disorders","year":2025,"id":626011,"datarank":0.5742962094733643,"base_score":3.828641396489095,"endowment":3.828641396489095,"self_citation_contribution":0.5742962094733643,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5742962094733643,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":45,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1619250,"name":"Martina Bočková","orcid":"0000-0003-2691-9122","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1376050,"name":"Florian Missey","orcid":"0000-0002-8386-0377","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1376680,"name":"Claudia Lubrano","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1376681,"name":"Mariane de Araújo e Silva","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1376678,"name":"Jan Trajlínek","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1376679,"name":"Ondřej Studnička","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1619251,"name":"Pavel Daniel","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":983282,"name":"Romain Carron","orcid":"0000-0002-4723-7406","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255543,"name":"Viktor Jirsa","orcid":"0000-0002-8251-8860","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1619252,"name":"Jan Chrastina","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":656620,"name":"Radim Jančálek","orcid":"0000-0001-6834-6567","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":751185,"name":"Eric Daniel Głowacki","orcid":"0000-0002-0280-8017","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1619253,"name":"Antonino Cassara","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":662095,"name":"Esra Neufeld","orcid":"0000-0001-5528-6147","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":252025,"name":"Irena Rektorová","orcid":"0000-0002-5455-4573","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":983283,"name":"Adam Williamson","orcid":"0000-0002-5632-0084","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1619248,"name":"Martin Lamoš","orcid":"0000-0003-1276-4342","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Noninvasive Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease Reduces Beta Activity","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a novel noninvasive electrical stimulation technique to focally modulate deep brain regions; a minimum of two high‐frequency signals (<jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub> and <jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub> &gt; 1 kHz) interfere to create an envelope‐modulated signal at a deep brain target with the frequency of modulation equal to the difference frequency: Δ<jats:italic>f</jats:italic> = |<jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub> – <jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub>|.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>The goals of this study were to verify the capability of TIS to modulate the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with Δ<jats:italic>f</jats:italic> and to compare the effect of TIS and conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the STN beta oscillations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>DBS leads remained externalized after implantation, allowing local field potentials (LFPs) recordings in eight patients with PD. TIS was performed initially by two pairs (<jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub> = 9.00 kHz; <jats:italic>f</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub> = 9.13 kHz, 4 mA peak‐peak per pair maximum) of scalp electrodes placed in temporoparietal regions to focus the envelope signal maximum (Δ<jats:italic>f</jats:italic> = 130 Hz) at the motor part of the STN target.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The comparison between the baseline LFPs and recordings after TIS and conventional DBS sessions showed substantial suppression of high beta power peak after both types of stimulation in all patients.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>TIS has the potential to effectively modulate the STN and reduce the beta oscillatory activity in a completely noninvasive manner, as is traditionally possible only with intracranial DBS. Future studies should confirm the clinical effectiveness of TIS and determine whether TIS could be used to identify optimal DBS candidates and individualize DBS targets. © 2025 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders</jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.</jats:p></jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.713572066704308,"endowment":3.713572066704308,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"40202094","pmcid":"PMC12160966","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4409295673","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic; European Union - Next Generation EU","grant_id":"LX22NPO5107","title":null},{"funder_name":"The Czech Science Foundation","grant_id":"GF21-13462L","title":null},{"funder_name":"European Union's Horizon Europe","grant_id":"101088623","title":"Epilepsy Treatment Using Neuromodulation by Non-Invasive Temporal Interference Stimulation"},{"funder_name":"European Union's Horizon Europe","grant_id":"101101040","title":"Targeting peripheral nerves: a method for therapeutic modulation of inflammatory disease with non-invasive temporal interference"},{"funder_name":"The Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","grant_id":"NU21-04-00445","title":null}],"total_grants":5,"fwci":29.7649,"citation_percentile":0.99851322,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2025,"count":22},{"year":2026,"count":18}],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/mds.30134","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/mds.30134","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mds.30134","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.30134","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40202094","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://is.muni.cz/publication/2494938","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12160966","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12160966","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12160966?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.30134","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Neurological disorders and treatments","Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","03 medical and health sciences","0302 clinical medicine"],"mesh_terms":["Aged","Beta Rhythm","Female","Humans","Male","Middle Aged","Parkinson Disease","Subthalamic Nucleus","Deep Brain Stimulation"],"keywords":["Subthalamic nucleus","Deep brain stimulation","Local field potential","Stimulation","Neuroscience","Parkinson's disease","Beta Rhythm","Essential tremor","Medicine","Scalp","Psychology","Physics","Electroencephalography","Internal medicine","Disease","Surgery","Local Field Potentials","Beta Power","Temporal Interference Stimulation","Male","temporal interference stimulation; deep brain stimulation; subthalamic nucleus; Parkinson's disease; beta power; local field potentials","Humans","Parkinson Disease","Female","Middle Aged","Research Article","Aged"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"doi"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-04T11:56:39.348271Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}