{"doi":"10.1002/mds.28067","title":"Impact of the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 Pandemic on Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders","abstract":"Human coronaviruses have classically caused mild respiratory infections. Two previous outbreaks caused by newly identified coronaviruses, SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012, caused serious respiratory disease with increased mortality. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).1, 2 The infection originated late 2019 in China, and in a few months disseminated to reach almost 200 countries, now affecting over 500,000 people with an overall estimated mortality of 4% (World Health Organization; March 27, 2020). Rate of transmission of the virus is measured by the reproductive number (R0), which for SARS-CoV-2 is between 3.6 and 4 indicating high infectivity compared to influenza with R0 1.4 to 1.6.3, 4 Importantly, transmission can occur during the presymptomatic phase of the infection and even after resolution. This occurs because virus shedding peaks early, usually at onset of symptoms, and continues for days or weeks following recovery.4-6 The virus is an RNA (32KB genome) type, with a rate of recombination up to 25%, and covered by a crown of glycoproteins that can also mutate frequently.7, 8 These characteristics may explain the adaptability of the virus and its infectivity changes over time. The infection develops as the virus glycoprotein binds to ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptors that are abundantly expressed in the lung.9 SARS viruses thus infect the cells of the pulmonary alveolus, causing acute diffuse alveolar damage, edema, and inflammation, which can evolve to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults.10 The disease is asymptomatic or milder in children and young adults. Symptomatic adult forms have increasing severity with age, although there have been notable exceptions to this age pattern, including in health care workers.11 Symptoms may develop between 2 and 14 days after infection, with an average of 4 to 5 days, but cases of late onset of symptoms have been reported. COVID-19 can have a clinical presentation similar to influenza, typically with fatigue, fever, and nonproductive cough.12 Diarrhea has been the initial symptom in fewer cases, indicating initial infection through the gastrointestinal tract. Neurological symptoms can occur and include headache and nausea. In addition, patients may report an intermittent or transient loss of smell and taste. Most infected patients (approximately 80%) experience a mild clinical form and recover without complications.13, 14 However, among patients with symptomatic forms, a proportion may require hospitalization (30% in Europe, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [ECDC] 3/25/2020), and, of those, 50% (5% of the overall infected patients as tested) need intensive care because of pneumonia and respiratory failure typically developing in 10 to 14 days, requiring a prolonged duration of care (usually more than 14 days; ECDC). Among the risk factors for presenting a severe form, age is the most important with a progressive rise starting at 50 years.11 Also, COVID-19 severity increases with comorbidities, particularly hypertension, cardio- and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and immunosuppression.10, 14 These comorbidities, together with age, are important prognostic factors. Antiviral drugs, various antibodies, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ACE2 inhibitors, and other experimental agents, including those aimed at mitigating the “cytokine storm” observed in severe cases, are among the COVID-19 treatments currently under study, but thus far none is proven or recommended for use outside of a controlled clinical setting. In addition, major research efforts are dedicated internationally to developing an effective vaccine. Several recent publications provide in-depth details to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population. In addition, it is hoped that it will soon be possible to deploy antibody assays for widespread test","journal":"Movement Disorders","year":2020,"id":51337,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":159,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9516,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":255910,"name":"Patrik Brundin","orcid":"0000-0003-2924-5186","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255911,"name":"Victor S.C. Fung","orcid":"0000-0003-3085-2282","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255912,"name":"Un Jung Kang","orcid":"0000-0002-5970-6839","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250780,"name":"David J. Burn","orcid":"0000-0001-7658-1209","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255913,"name":"Carlo Colosimo","orcid":"0000-0002-2216-3973","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255914,"name":"Han‐Lin Chiang","orcid":"0000-0002-0768-0059","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257252,"name":"Roy N. Alcalay","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":246446,"name":"Claudia Trenkwalder","orcid":"0000-0001-6407-1199","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255909,"name":"Stella M. Papa","orcid":"0000-0003-3010-6343","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":31,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T20:40:28.278215Z","pmid":"32250460","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}