{"doi":"10.1002/lio2.70266","title":"Impact of Balance and Dizziness Problems on Falls in Older Adults: The Longitudinal <scp>AGES</scp> ‐Reykjavik Study","abstract":"Objective: To investigate the impact of balance and dizziness problems (BDP) and other risk factors on falls in a longitudinal, population-based cohort of older adults. Methods: The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study (AGES-RS I) 2002-2006 examined 5764 adults aged 66-98. Five years later, 3316 surviving subjects were reexamined in AGES-RS II. Participants were asked about BDP, falls, usual activities, and health conditions. BDP symptoms during the past 12 months included: vertigo (spinning/moving sensation); floating/spacey sensation; light-headedness (no moving sensation); near fainting (presyncope) or fainting (syncope); blurred vision with head movement (oscillopsia); and feeling off-balance/unsteady. Clinical assessments included hand grip and leg strength plus steps and time to walk 6 m. Results: During the past 12 months in AGES-RS II, BDP prevalence was 40.1% (males 35.2%, females 43.7%) and the prevalence of falling was 23.0% (males 20.9%, females 24.8%). BDP increased steps and time to walk 6 m. BDP increased the risk of falls (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34-1.76 for AGES-RS I, PR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.55-2.03 for AGES-RS II). The prevalence of ≥ 2 falls was 8.9% (15.6% with BDP vs. 4.4% without BDP). Among those who fell ≥ 2 times, 70.4% reported BDP in the past 12 months. Additional risk of falling was associated with fear/panic attacks, memory loss, hearing loss, and other health conditions. Conclusion: BDP are common in older adults and associated with 50% to 80% increased risk of falling and even greater risk of falling ≥ 2 times. Quantitative estimates are provided for contributing factors that further increase the risk of falls. 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Hoffman","orcid":"0000-0003-4105-0808","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":452978,"name":"B.K. Ward","orcid":"0000-0001-5201-6117","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":279455,"name":"Charles C. Della Santina","orcid":"0000-0002-0509-5200","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":334667,"name":"Mary Frances Cotch","orcid":"0000-0002-2046-4350","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1423460,"name":"May S. Chiu","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1423461,"name":"Katalin G. Losonczy","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":389283,"name":"Christa L. Themann","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":613374,"name":"L. J. Launer","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":388353,"name":"Kristín Siggeirsdóttir","orcid":"0000-0002-4643-8732","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":302681,"name":"Pálmi V. Jónsson","orcid":"0009-0002-7174-2274","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":22041,"name":"Vilmundur Guðnason","orcid":"0000-0001-5696-0084","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1422984,"name":"Hannes Petersen","orcid":"0000-0002-2327-523X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":675336,"name":"Chuanming Li","orcid":"0000-0003-3428-7831","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:52:12.997494Z","pmid":"41255778","pmcid":"PMC12620664","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":22.2222,"fair_a":50.0,"fair_i":0.0,"fair_r":33.3333,"fair_zscore":-0.5389,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":20.83,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":22.22,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not provide any persistent identifier (DOI, Handle, ARK, URN, or repository accession) for its own dataset.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Data from this study are available through collaboration under a data usage agreement with the Icelandic Heart Association (IHA) and an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval in accordance with the informed consent agreement.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The Icelandic Heart Association is named as the holder of the data, but it is a research institute, not a data repository listed in re3data or FAIRsharing.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Data from this study are available through collaboration under a data usage agreement with the Icelandic Heart Association (IHA) and an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval in accordance with the informed consent agreement. 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In clinical / human-subjects, describe the data with OMOP CDM, CDISC SDTM or HL7 FHIR.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not name any data or metadata standard from FAIRsharing (e.g., MIAME, BIDS, GO) nor any manuscript reporting guideline from EQUATOR.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"TABLE 1 Prevalence of balance and dizziness problems (BDP) and falls in past 12 months in AGES‐RS I and II by characteristics.","why":"Variable definitions are provided inside the article in tables (e.g., Table 1), but no separate documentation object (README, codebook) is said to accompany the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper builds on the AGES-Reykjavik study but does not provide an identifier (DOI, accession, RRID, build ID) for any external resource it uses. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not state any retention period, preservation commitment, or timing of availability for the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T13:44:54.422776Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}