{"doi":"10.1002/leap.1358","title":"Characteristics of Imperial College London's <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 research outputs","abstract":"We identified 651 research outputs on the topic of COVID-19 in the form of preprint, report, journal article, dataset, and software/code published by Imperial College London authors between January to September 2020. We sought to understand the distribution of outputs over time by output type, peer review status, publisher, and open access status. Search of Scopus, the institutional repositories, Github, and other databases identified relevant research outputs, which were then combined with Unpaywall open access data and manually-verified associations between preprints and journal articles. Reports were the earliest output to emerge [median: 103 days, interquartile range (IQR): 57.5-129], but journal articles were the most commonly occurring output type over the entire period (60.8%, 396/651). Thirty preprints were identified as connected to a journal article within the set (15.8%, 30/189). A total of 52 publishers were identified, of which 4 publishers account for 59.6% of outputs (388/651). The majority of outputs were available open access through gold, hybrid, or green route (66.1%, 430/651). The presence of exclusively non-peer reviewed material from January to March suggests that demand could not be met by journals in this period, and the sector supported this with enhanced preprint services for authors. Connections between preprints and published articles suggests that some authors chose to use both dissemination methods and that, as some publishers also serve across both models, traditional distinctions of output types might be changing. The bronze open access cohort brings widespread 'free' access but does not ensure true open access.","journal":"Learned Publishing","year":2021,"id":2955,"datarank":0.18744172334637654,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.022649880046160076,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.022649880046160076,"corpus_percentile":44.100895036615135,"corpus_rank":688,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":3,"citers_with_citation_signal":1,"citers_with_endowment":1,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8166,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-12","fair_score":38.3333,"fair_percentile":19.217238346525946,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":32761,"name":"Yusuf Ozkan","orcid":"0000-0002-3098-275X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":32760,"name":"Robyn Price","orcid":"0000-0001-5776-5256","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":30,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":"33821101","pmcid":"PMC8014869","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by","views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":52.5,"fair_a":55.0,"fair_i":12.5,"fair_r":33.3333,"fair_zscore":-0.6222,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":38.33,"has_llm":true,"dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":52.5,"criteria":[{"key":"f_has_doi","label":"Has a persistent DOI","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"DOI present","rationale":null},{"key":"f_repository_presence","label":"Indexed in repositories / literature DBs","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"datacite=0, pmcid=True, pmid=True","rationale":null},{"key":"f_persistent_ids","label":"Resolvable scholarly identifiers (OpenAlex)","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"no OpenAlex id","rationale":null},{"key":"f_metadata_richness","label":"Rich, machine-readable metadata","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.25,"signal":null,"rationale":"The paper mentions a DOI for data but does not describe any machine-readable metadata or controlled vocabularies used for the dataset."}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":55.0,"criteria":[{"key":"a_open_access","label":"Open Access / files deposited","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.5,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"Open Access","rationale":null},{"key":"a_retrievable","label":"Free full text retrievable","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"0 OA location(s)","rationale":null},{"key":"a_access_protocol","label":"Clear data/code access protocol","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"signal":null,"rationale":"The data availability statement provides a Zenodo DOI but lacks details on access conditions or automated retrieval protocol."}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":12.5,"criteria":[{"key":"i_linked_data","label":"Linked datasets / DataCite relations","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"linked_datasets=0, datacite=0","rationale":null},{"key":"i_standard_ids","label":"References data via standard accessions","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"accessions=0, trials=0","rationale":null},{"key":"i_standards","label":"Standard formats, vocabularies & identifiers","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.25,"signal":null,"rationale":"Standard identifiers like DOIs and ORCIDs are used for the paper and authors, but no standard formats or vocabularies are specified for the underlying data."}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":33.33,"criteria":[{"key":"r_license","label":"Clear, open reuse license","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"no license","rationale":null},{"key":"r_downloads","label":"Demonstrated reuse (downloads)","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"downloads=0","rationale":null},{"key":"r_version","label":"Versioned / maintained","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"no version chain","rationale":null},{"key":"r_dataset","label":"Classified as a data resource","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"is_dataset","rationale":null},{"key":"r_reusability","label":"Data-availability statement, license & reproducibility","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"signal":null,"rationale":"Data is deposited with a DOI and the paper is CC-BY licensed, but the dataset license is unclear and manual steps reduce reproducibility."}]}},"suggestions":["Add structured metadata (e.g., DataCite XML) to the Zenodo deposit with controlled vocabularies and entity identifiers.","Explicitly state the access protocol for the data, e.g., 'Freely downloadable via HTTPS without authentication.'","Deposit the dataset in open, standard formats like CSV or JSON and provide a data dictionary with standard terminologies.","Include a clear reuse license (e.g., CC0 or CC-BY) for the dataset in the data availability statement.","Enhance reproducibility by automating the linkage between preprints and articles through persistent identifiers instead of manual verification."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v1","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v1","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-06-17T22:59:53.939304Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}