{"doi":"10.1002/lary.30557","title":"Myeloid Phenotypes in Tracheostomy‐Associated Granulation Tissue","abstract":"OBJECTIVE(S): Tracheostomy-associated granulation tissue is a common, recurrent problem occurring secondary to chronic mucosal irritation. Although granulation tissue is composed of predominantly innate immune cells, the phenotype of monocytes and macrophages in tracheostomy-associated granulation tissue is unknown. This study aims to define the myeloid cell population in granulation tissue secondary to tracheostomy. METHODS: Granulation tissue biopsies were obtained from 8 patients with tracheostomy secondary to laryngotracheal stenosis. Cell type analysis was performed by flow cytometry and gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These methods and immunohistochemistry were used to define the monocyte/macrophage population in granulation tissue and were compared to tracheal autopsy control specimens. RESULTS: ) were increased in granulation tissue compared to controls (61.2 ± 7% and 30 ± 8.5%, p = 0.038). Eighty-five percent of macrophages expressed pro-inflammatory S100A8/A9 and 36 ± 4% of macrophages co-localized CD169, associated with tissue-resident macrophages. M2 gene expression (Arg1/CD206) was increased in granulation tissue (3.7 ± 0.4, p = 0.035 and 3.5 ± 0.5, p = 0.047) whereas M1 gene expression (CD80/CD86) was similar to controls (p = 0.64, p = 0.3). Immunohistochemistry of granulation tissue demonstrated increased cells co-localizing CD11b and CD206. CONCLUSIONS: M2 macrophages are the dominant macrophage phenotype in tracheostomy-associated granulation tissue. The role of this cell type in promoting ongoing inflammation warrants future investigation to identify potential treatments for granulation tissue secondary to tracheostomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:2346-2356, 2023.","journal":"The Laryngoscope","year":2023,"id":358087,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":11,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9509,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":886682,"name":"Rafael Ospino","orcid":"0000-0002-8501-1934","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381363,"name":"Ioan Lina","orcid":"0000-0002-8619-7312","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":642564,"name":"Samuel L. Collins","orcid":"0000-0002-0292-6937","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":229835,"name":"Yee Chan‐Li","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381368,"name":"Alexander Gelbard","orcid":"0000-0003-0078-1305","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240456,"name":"Alexander T. Hillel","orcid":"0000-0001-8471-5449","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381366,"name":"Kevin Motz","orcid":"0000-0002-9255-7265","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":542679,"name":"Alexandra J. Berges","orcid":"0000-0002-0890-6291","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":49,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:13:43.629667Z","pmid":"36633350","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}