{"doi":"10.1002/jssc.70224","title":"PolyJet Three‐dimensional‐Printed Microchip Devices With Integrated Carbon Electrodes for Neurotransmitter Analysis","abstract":"We present an approach for integrating carbon ink electrodes into PolyJet three-dimensional (3D)-printed microfluidic devices for electrochemical (EC) detection. Devices for both microchip-based electrophoresis (ME) and microchip-based flow injection analysis can be created with this methodology. The fabrication involves printing two separate components, a channel layer and an electrode layer, which are thermally bonded to form the final device. For the electrode layer, carbon electrodes are first patterned onto glass substrates using a micromolding technique. A custom stencil is printed directly onto the PolyJet tray to guide precise alignment; the electrode layer is then printed directly over the glass substrate, transferring and embedding the electrodes accurately within the 3D-printed structure. The channel layer is produced by 3D printing either onto a pre-fabricated mold featuring a T-intersection (for ME) or onto the printer tray along with solid support (for microchip-based flow injection analysis). This method yields devices with reliable electrode-channel alignment and minimal band broadening. For ME experiments, the device effectively separated a mixture of neurotransmitters with theoretical plate counts up to 136 000 plates/m and a limit of detection for dopamine of 170 nM. Additionally, we demonstrate how to use 3D printing to integrate off-chip processes such as microdialysis sampling with ME and EC detection. Lastly, we show how microchip flow-based injection analysis devices featuring single or dual in-channel carbon electrodes can also be produced with this approach.","journal":"Journal of Separation Science","year":2025,"id":545333,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9527,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1436612,"name":"Jason L. Assafeen","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724592,"name":"R. Scott Martin","orcid":"0000-0002-6952-1408","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1227169,"name":"Major A. Selemani","orcid":"0000-0003-2511-1316","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":53,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:53:23.001995Z","pmid":"40660456","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}