{"doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.34906","title":"Charge injection characteristics of sputtered ruthenium oxide electrodes for neural stimulation and recording","abstract":"Abstract We have studied the charge‐injection characteristics and electrochemical impedance of sputtered ruthenium oxide (RuO x ) films as electrode coatings for neural stimulation and recording electrodes. RuO x films were deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering, using a combination of water vapor and oxygen gas as reactive plasma constituents. The cathodal charge storage capacity of planar RuO x electrodes was found to be 54.6 ± 9.5 mC/cm 2 (mean ± SD , n = 12), and the charge‐injection capacity in a 0.2‐ms cathodal current pulse was found to be 7.1 ± 0.3 mC/cm 2 (mean ± SD , n = 15) at 0.6 V positive bias versus Ag|AgCl, in phosphate buffer saline at room temperature for ~250 nm thick films. In general, the RuO x films exhibited high charge‐injection capacities, with or without a positive interpulse bias, comparable to sputtered iridium oxide (SIROF) coatings. The charge‐injection capacity increased monotonically with film thickness from 120 to 630 nm, and reached 11.30 ± 0.34 mC/cm 2 (mean ± SD , n = 5) at 0.6 V bias versus Ag|AgCl at 630 nm film thickness. In addition, RuO x films showed minimal changes in electrochemical characteristics over 1.5 billion cycles of constant current pulsing at a charge density of 408 μC/cm 2 (8 nC/phase, 200 μs pulse width). The findings of low‐impedance, high charge‐injection capacity, and long‐term pulsing stability suggest the suitability of RuO x as a comparatively inexpensive and favorable choice of electrode material for neural stimulation and recording.","journal":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials","year":2021,"id":177515,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":20,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9591,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":445596,"name":"Alexandra Joshi‐Imre","orcid":"0000-0002-4271-1623","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":424452,"name":"Stuart F. Cogan","orcid":"0000-0001-6316-3032","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":445595,"name":"B. Chakraborty","orcid":"0000-0002-5520-5471","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:47:32.096934Z","pmid":"34259381","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}