{"doi":"10.1002/jbio.201600196","title":"Bessel‐beam illumination in dual‐axis confocal microscopy mitigates resolution degradation caused by refractive heterogeneities","abstract":"One of the main challenges for laser‐scanning microscopy of biological tissues with refractive heterogeneities is the degradation in spatial resolution that occurs as a result of beam steering and distortion. This challenge is particularly significant for dual‐axis confocal (DAC) microscopy, which achieves improved spatial‐filtering and optical‐sectioning performance over traditional confocal microscopy through off‐axis illumination and collection of light with low‐numerical aperture (NA) beams that must intersect precisely at their foci within tissues. DAC microscope image quality is sensitive to positional changes and distortions of these illumination‐ and collection‐beam foci. Previous studies have shown that Bessel beams display improved positional stability and beam quality than Gaussian beams when propagating through tissues with refractive heterogeneities, which suggests that Bessel‐beam illumination may enhance DAC microscopy of such tissues. Here, we utilize both Gaussian and Bessel illumination in a point‐scanned DAC microscope and quantify the resultant degradation in resolution when imaging within heterogeneous optical phantoms and fresh tissues. Results indicate that DAC microscopy with Bessel illumination exhibits reduced resolution degradation from microscopic tissue heterogeneities compared to DAC microscopy with conventional Gaussian illumination.\nmagnified image","journal":"Journal of Biophotonics","year":2017,"id":20673,"datarank":0.7568799696509048,"base_score":2.70805020110221,"endowment":2.70805020110221,"self_citation_contribution":0.40620753016533157,"citation_network_contribution":0.35067243948557314,"self_endowment_contribution":0.40620753016533157,"citer_contribution":0.35067243948557314,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":14,"citer_count":12,"citers_with_citation_signal":9,"citers_with_endowment":9,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":135839,"name":"Adam Glaser","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":135840,"name":"Jonathan T. C. Liu","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":135838,"name":"Ye Chen","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":2.70805020110221,"endowment":2.70805020110221,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"27667127","pmcid":"PMC5243863","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2526896831","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","grant_id":"R01 DE023497","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Cancer Institute","grant_id":"R01 CA175391","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":2.5034,"citation_percentile":0.91308185,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2017,"count":1},{"year":2018,"count":3},{"year":2019,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":4},{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5243863","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5243863?pdf=render","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5243863","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fjbio.201600196","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jbio.201600196","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201600196","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27667127","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","Medicine","Materials Science","Engineering","Physics","Light","Microscopy, Confocal","Normal Distribution","Phantoms, Imaging"],"mesh_terms":["Light","Normal Distribution","Microscopy, Confocal","Phantoms, Imaging"],"keywords":["Optics","Bessel beam","Microscopy","Microscope","Light sheet fluorescence microscopy","Confocal microscopy","Optical microscope","Materials science","Optical sectioning","Resolution (logic)","Numerical aperture","Confocal","Spatial light modulator","Bessel function","Optical axis","4Pi microscope","Beam (structure)","Scanning confocal electron microscopy","Physics","Lens (geology)","Wavelength","Scanning electron microscope","Conventional transmission electron microscope","Computer science","Bessel Beams","Beam-steering And Distortion","Resolution Degradation"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-06T08:03:21.019179Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}