{"doi":"10.1002/ijc.70107","title":"Longitudinal patterns of penile <scp>human papillomavirus</scp> detection among Ugandan men: A prospective sampling study","abstract":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection, yet data on HPV dynamics in African male populations remain limited. We conducted a prospective study of 300 human immunodeficiency virus-negative, sexually active Ugandan men enrolled at circumcision and followed every 6 weeks for 6 months. Penile swabs were collected by clinical staff, and HPV DNA was detected using the Roche polymerase chain reaction-based linear array assay at six time points. We estimated both point and cumulative prevalence of any and high-risk HPV, and assessed empirical and bootstrapped absolute and relative differences to quantify bias from relying solely on baseline testing. The baseline prevalence of any HPV was 49.7%, increasing to 66.0% when cumulative results were considered. Among 27 men with swabs with amplifiable viral or cellular DNA at all six visits, 100% tested positive at least once. HPV detection was often transient: only 6.1% of men with any HPV were consistently positive at all visits. Men who were ever HPV positive reported a younger age at first sex and more sexual partners. Single-timepoint testing significantly underestimated HPV prevalence, with relative biases of 24.7% for any HPV and 40.3% for high-risk HPV. Bootstrap analyses showed that reducing absolute bias to below 5% required two visits for any HPV and three for high-risk HPV, whereas achieving relative bias below 5% required three and five visits, respectively. The results remained consistent in sensitivity analyses that excluded pre-circumcision visits. These findings highlight the limitations of cross-sectional HPV testing and emphasize the importance of repeated sampling for accurate surveillance and vaccine impact assessments in male populations.","journal":"International Journal of Cancer","year":2025,"id":573258,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9561,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":246863,"name":"Eshan U. Patel","orcid":"0000-0003-2174-5004","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":319101,"name":"Godfrey Kigozi","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":336965,"name":"Patti E. Gravitt","orcid":"0009-0004-1443-152X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":660323,"name":"Ronald M. Galiwango","orcid":"0000-0003-3702-5722","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1480470,"name":"Molly R. Petersen","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":317275,"name":"Fred Nalugoda","orcid":"0000-0001-6119-9293","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227513,"name":"Andrew D. Redd","orcid":"0000-0003-4651-1423","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":301539,"name":"Steven J. Reynolds","orcid":"0000-0002-5403-2759","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227510,"name":"Thomas C. Quinn","orcid":"0000-0002-0404-1315","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":353473,"name":"M. Grabowski","orcid":"0000-0002-8072-4919","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227515,"name":"Aaron A.R. Tobian","orcid":"0000-0002-0517-3766","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1329508,"name":"Xinyi Feng","orcid":"0000-0001-5960-1028","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":28,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:57:32.445190Z","pmid":"40879263","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}