{"doi":"10.1002/ijc.70006","title":"Twenty‐year survival outcomes after multipeptide vaccination for resected high‐risk melanoma: A post‐hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial","abstract":"Abstract In this post‐hoc analysis, we report long‐term clinical outcomes of a randomized phase II clinical trial (Mel39, NCT00938223) that tested the immunogenicity of two multipeptide vaccines designed to stimulate CD8 + T cells in patients with high‐risk melanoma. Fifty‐one participants with resected stage IIB‐IV melanoma randomized to vaccination with 4 or 12 melanoma peptides were followed for clinical outcomes. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) by vaccine arm, immune response, age, sex, and stage were evaluated. Median follow‐up was 16.1 years for all participants and 21.2 years for living participants. OS rates (95% CI) for both vaccine arms were 65% (51–78%) and 49% (35–63%) at 10 and 20 years, respectively, favoring vaccination with 12 melanoma peptides (HR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.29–1.40; p = .26) with a promising difference given the study sample size. Females had significantly improved RFS compared to males after either vaccine regimen, independent of peripheral immune response to the vaccine (HR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19–0.91; p = .03). Overall, clinical efficacy was not significantly improved with more class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐restricted peptides to the vaccine despite more favorable peripheral immune response rates on treatment. Females had durable RFS after vaccination that was not explained by sex‐associated differences in peripheral CD8 + T cell response rates during treatment. Further work to identify clinically meaningful vaccine‐induced T cell responses and how to optimize vaccines to elicit these responses is needed, including investigation into the influence of host factors on the response to immunotherapy.","journal":"International Journal of Cancer","year":2025,"id":528367,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.953,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":515358,"name":"Hong Zhu","orcid":"0000-0001-8562-3351","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":749460,"name":"Kimberly A. Chianese‐Bullock","orcid":"0000-0001-8676-3671","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":79696,"name":"Craig L. Slingluff","orcid":"0000-0002-6664-4373","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":830752,"name":"Emily K. Ninmer","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:50:48.492873Z","pmid":"40536492","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}