{"doi":"10.1002/ijc.20330","title":"Dietary calcium, vitamin D, <i>VDR</i> genotypes and colorectal cancer","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The vitamin D receptor (VDR) may importantly modulate risk of colorectal cancer either independently or in conjunction with calcium and vitamin D intake. We evaluate the association between calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> polymorphisms in 2 case‐control studies of colon and rectal cancer (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 2,306 cases and 2,749 controls). Dietary intake was evaluated using a detailed diet history questionnaire. Two <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> polymorphisms were evaluated: an intron 8 <jats:italic>Bsm</jats:italic> 1 polymorphism and a 3′ untranslated region poly‐A length polymorphism (designated S for short and L for long). The <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> genotype reduced risk of colorectal cancer for men (odds ratio [OR] = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55–0.92). High levels of calcium intake reduced risk of rectal cancer in women (OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.24–0.64) but were not associated with rectal cancer in men (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.66–1.56). Similar reduced rectal cancer risk among women was observed at high levels of vitamin D (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.32–0.85) and low‐fat dairy products (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.39–0.94). High levels of sunshine exposure reduced risk of rectal cancer among those diagnosed when &lt;60 years of age (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42–0.93). Examination of calcium in conjunction with <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotype showed that a significant 40% reduction in risk of rectal cancer was observed for the <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>BB</jats:italic> <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotypes when calcium intake was low (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> interaction = 0.01 for calcium interaction). For colon cancer, high levels of dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and low‐fat dairy products reduced risk of cancer for the <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>BB</jats:italic> <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotypes, although the <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> for interaction was not statistically significant. These data support previous observations that high levels of calcium and vitamin D reduce risk of rectal cancer and provide support for a weak protective effect for the <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>BB</jats:italic> <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotypes. The risk associated with VDR genotype seems to depend upon the level of dietary calcium and vitamin D and tumor site. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</jats:p>","journal":"International Journal of Cancer","year":2004,"id":626338,"datarank":0.7640625301210144,"base_score":5.093750200806762,"endowment":5.093750200806762,"self_citation_contribution":0.7640625301210144,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7640625301210144,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":162,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":107671,"name":"Susan L. Neuhausen","orcid":"0000-0001-5053-0390","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":86093,"name":"Michael Hoffman","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1215487,"name":"Bette Caan","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":385731,"name":"Karen Curtin","orcid":"0000-0002-5281-2153","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1620159,"name":"Khe Ni Ma","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1620161,"name":"Wade Samowitz","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218641,"name":"Martha L. Slattery","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Dietary calcium, vitamin D, <i>VDR</i> genotypes and colorectal cancer","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The vitamin D receptor (VDR) may importantly modulate risk of colorectal cancer either independently or in conjunction with calcium and vitamin D intake. We evaluate the association between calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> polymorphisms in 2 case‐control studies of colon and rectal cancer (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 2,306 cases and 2,749 controls). Dietary intake was evaluated using a detailed diet history questionnaire. Two <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> polymorphisms were evaluated: an intron 8 <jats:italic>Bsm</jats:italic> 1 polymorphism and a 3′ untranslated region poly‐A length polymorphism (designated S for short and L for long). The <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> genotype reduced risk of colorectal cancer for men (odds ratio [OR] = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55–0.92). High levels of calcium intake reduced risk of rectal cancer in women (OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.24–0.64) but were not associated with rectal cancer in men (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.66–1.56). Similar reduced rectal cancer risk among women was observed at high levels of vitamin D (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.32–0.85) and low‐fat dairy products (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.39–0.94). High levels of sunshine exposure reduced risk of rectal cancer among those diagnosed when &lt;60 years of age (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42–0.93). Examination of calcium in conjunction with <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotype showed that a significant 40% reduction in risk of rectal cancer was observed for the <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>BB</jats:italic> <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotypes when calcium intake was low (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> interaction = 0.01 for calcium interaction). For colon cancer, high levels of dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and low‐fat dairy products reduced risk of cancer for the <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>BB</jats:italic> <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotypes, although the <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> for interaction was not statistically significant. These data support previous observations that high levels of calcium and vitamin D reduce risk of rectal cancer and provide support for a weak protective effect for the <jats:italic>SS</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>BB</jats:italic> <jats:italic>VDR</jats:italic> genotypes. The risk associated with VDR genotype seems to depend upon the level of dietary calcium and vitamin D and tumor site. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.093750200806762,"endowment":5.093750200806762,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"15252846","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1968160337","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":11.8351,"citation_percentile":0.99115858,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":9},{"year":2013,"count":5},{"year":2014,"count":4},{"year":2015,"count":5},{"year":2016,"count":4},{"year":2017,"count":4},{"year":2019,"count":3},{"year":2020,"count":3},{"year":2021,"count":7},{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":2}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ijc.20330","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ijc.20330","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fijc.20330","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ijc.20330","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20330","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252846","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Vitamin D Research Studies","Nutritional Studies and Diet","Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease"],"mesh_terms":["Adult","Aged","Calcium, Dietary","Dairy Products","Female","Genotype","Humans","Male","Middle Aged","Polymorphism, Genetic","Risk Factors","Sunlight","Vitamin D","Colorectal Neoplasms","Case-Control Studies","Receptors, Calcitriol"],"keywords":["Calcitriol receptor","Colorectal cancer","Vitamin D and neurology","Odds ratio","Internal medicine","Medicine","Gastroenterology","Genotype","Endocrinology","Calcium","Cancer","Biology","Genetics","Gene"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-04T13:26:27.948739Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}