{"doi":"10.1002/iid3.859","title":"HIV and inflammatory markers are associated with persistent COVID‐19 symptoms","abstract":"BACKGROUND: A proportion of COVID19 survivors may present with long-COVID, which is persistent symptoms lasting four or more weeks post SARS-CoV-2 infection. These symptoms may be mild to severe, and may affect different organ-systems of the body. AIMS: The main objective of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical and immunological factors associated with long COVID. MATERIALS & METHODS: We conducted a nested case control study, with a total of 94 study participants initially included, and 64 participants matched for age and sex for biomarker analyses. RESULTS: 32/94 (34.1%) of all the participants had long COVID. Respiratory symptoms were the most common (59.5%) followed by the musculoskeletal symptoms (28.1%). HIV was an independent predictor of long COVID (adjusted odds ratio = 2.7; p = .037). In all the 64 matched cases and controls, IFN-β was significantly higher among controls than cases. After stratifying by HIV, IL6 was significantly higher among cases than controls in the HIV- group (2.06 vs. 0.81 pg/mL; p = .02). On the other hand, IFN-β was significantly higher among controls than cases in the HIV+ group (251 vs. 0 pg/mL; p = .01). CONCLUSION: HIV infection is a risk factor for long COVID, and inflammatory markers associated with long COVID may be slightly different for HIV- and HIV+ individuals.","journal":"Immunity Inflammation and Disease","year":2023,"id":344433,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":13,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8757,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1083243,"name":"Gina Mulundu","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1083244,"name":"Keagan Mutale","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":716643,"name":"Chibamba Mumba","orcid":"0000-0002-0267-5656","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239199,"name":"Owen Ngalamika","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":911579,"name":"Patrick Kamanzi","orcid":"0000-0002-0181-3535","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":25,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:11:30.951510Z","pmid":"37249281","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}