{"doi":"10.1002/iid3.1167","title":"Elucidating systemic immune responses to acute and convalescent SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children and elderly individuals","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, affects all age groups. However, various studies have shown that COVID-19 presentation and severity vary considerably with age. We, therefore, wanted to examine the differences between the immune responses of children with COVID-19 and elderly COVID-19 individuals. METHODS: We analyzed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and acute phase proteins in acute and convalescent COVID-19 children and the elderly with acute and convalescent COVID-19. RESULTS: We show that most of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon [IFN]γ, interleukin [IL]-2, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], IL-1α, IFNα, IFNβ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-3, IL-7, IL-1Ra, IL-13, and IL-10), chemokines (CCL4, CCL11, CCL19, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CXL10), growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and CD40L) and acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P, and haptoglobin) were decreased in children with acute COVID 19 as compared with elderly individuals. In contrast, children with acute COVID-19 exhibited elevated levels of cytokines- IL-1β, IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-25, growth factors-fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet- derived growth factors-BB, and transforming growth factorα as compared with elderly individuals. Similar, differences were manifest in children and elderly with convalescent COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Thus, COVID-19 children are characterized by distinct cytokine/chemokine/growth factor/acute phase protein markers that are markedly different from elderly COVID-19 individuals.","journal":"Immunity Inflammation and Disease","year":2024,"id":475353,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9624,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1312437,"name":"Pavan Kumar Nathella","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1060626,"name":"Aishwarya Venkataraman","orcid":"0000-0002-7360-9736","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":326388,"name":"Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini","orcid":"0000-0002-1324-4595","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1312438,"name":"Sasidaran Rajendraprasath","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1312439,"name":"Bella Devaleenal","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1140268,"name":"Arul Nancy Pandiarajan","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1312440,"name":"Gowshika Krishnakumar","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1139913,"name":"Padmasani Venkat Ramanan","orcid":"0000-0002-5911-3179","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299467,"name":"Subash Babu","orcid":"0000-0001-9783-8042","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":351532,"name":"Anuradha Rajamanickam","orcid":"0000-0002-8143-5502","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":35,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:06:16.992586Z","pmid":"38415923","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}