{"doi":"10.1002/hbm.25473","title":"Comparison of structural MRI brain measures between 1.5 and 3 T: Data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","abstract":"Abstract Multi‐scanner MRI studies are reliant on understanding the apparent differences in imaging measures between different scanners. We provide a comprehensive analysis of T 1 ‐weighted and diffusion MRI (dMRI) structural brain measures between a 1.5 T GE Signa Horizon HDx and a 3 T Siemens Magnetom Prisma using 91 community‐dwelling older participants (aged 82 years). Although we found considerable differences in absolute measurements (global tissue volumes were measured as ~6–11% higher and fractional anisotropy [FA] was 33% higher at 3 T than at 1.5 T), between‐scanner consistency was good to excellent for global volumetric and dMRI measures (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] range: .612–.993) and fair to good for 68 cortical regions (FreeSurfer) and cortical surface measures (mean ICC: .504–.763). Between‐scanner consistency was fair for dMRI measures of 12 major white matter tracts (mean ICC: .475–.564), and the general factors of these tracts provided excellent consistency (ICC ≥ .769). Whole‐brain structural networks provided good to excellent consistency for global metrics (ICC ≥ .612). Although consistency was poor for individual network connections (mean ICCs: .275−.280), this was driven by a large difference in network sparsity (.599 vs. .334), and consistency was improved when comparing only the connections present in every participant (mean ICCs: .533–.647). Regression‐based k‐fold cross‐validation showed that, particularly for global volumes, between‐scanner differences could be largely eliminated ( R 2 range .615–.991). We conclude that low granularity measures of brain structure can be reliably matched between the scanners tested, but caution is warranted when combining high granularity information from different scanners.","journal":"Human Brain Mapping","year":2021,"id":166244,"datarank":1.1654339134541631,"base_score":3.5553480614894135,"endowment":3.5553480614894135,"self_citation_contribution":0.5333022092234121,"citation_network_contribution":0.6321317042307509,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5333022092234121,"citer_contribution":0.6321317042307509,"corpus_percentile":82.40891158041309,"corpus_rank":2275,"citation_count":34,"citer_count":26,"citers_with_citation_signal":18,"citers_with_endowment":18,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6682,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":2.0833,"fair_percentile":1.4062977682665851,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":245377,"name":"Susana Muñoz Maniega","orcid":"0000-0001-5185-6384","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":294712,"name":"María Valdés Hernández","orcid":"0000-0003-2771-6546","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":465089,"name":"Lucia Ballerini","orcid":"0000-0002-1956-4012","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":691074,"name":"Gayle Barclay","orcid":"0009-0001-2417-2750","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237836,"name":"Adele M. Taylor","orcid":"0000-0003-4541-4568","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237842,"name":"Tom C. Russ","orcid":"0000-0001-9797-2188","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228674,"name":"Elliot M. Tucker–Drob","orcid":"0000-0001-5599-6237","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":17637,"name":"Joanna M. Wardlaw","orcid":"0000-0002-9812-6642","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109450,"name":"Ian J. Deary","orcid":"0000-0002-1733-263X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245386,"name":"Mark E. Bastin","orcid":"0000-0002-0490-0845","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237841,"name":"Simon R. Cox","orcid":"0000-0003-4036-3642","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":263841,"name":"Colin R. Buchanan","orcid":"0000-0001-6501-628X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":69,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:45:45.220559Z","pmid":"34008899","pmcid":"PMC8288101","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":0.0,"fair_a":6.25,"fair_i":0.0,"fair_r":29.1667,"fair_zscore":-1.2811,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":2.08,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration","grounded":false,"rationale":"The identifier is a web URL, not a persistent identifier scheme (DOI, Handle, ARK, URN, or repository accession). [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The holder is the Lothian Birth Cohorts data access collaboration, an institutional website, not a data repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The statement points to a URL for data access collaboration, not a repository record, and requires a formal agreement (Colavizza category 1). [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Data were drawn from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936), an on-going study on the influences on cognitive ageing from age 11 into the eighth and ninth decades of life.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The description of the dataset content is given in running prose, not as an itemised inventory (section, table, or list). [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration","grounded":false,"rationale":"The dataset identifier (URL) appears only in the body text (data availability statement), not in the reference list. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":6.25,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The access route carries a precondition (approval and agreement), so it is not openly accessible. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper describes the access action (formal agreement, approval) without using an explicit label like 'restricted' or 'open access'. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","grounded":false,"rationale":"The gatekeeper is an institutional process (formal data sharing agreement, Lothian Birth Cohorts data access collaboration), not a natural person. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not mention any retention period, availability timing, or persistence commitment for the data.","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format token is named for the released data. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier (accession, DOI, RRID, etc.) is given for any external resource that the data depend on or derive from.","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":29.17,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No licence or reuse terms are named for the data. The Creative Commons Attribution License applies to the article, not the data. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"1.5 T GE Signa Horizon HDx","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific scanners and software versions used to produce the data. 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For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration","why":"The identifier is a web URL, not a persistent identifier scheme (DOI, Handle, ARK, URN, or repository accession). [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","why":"The holder is the Lothian Birth Cohorts data access collaboration, an institutional website, not a data repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","dimension":"A","label":"Access route free of preconditions","action":"Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","why":"The access route carries a precondition (approval and agreement), so it is not openly accessible. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 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A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","why":"The paper describes the access action (formal agreement, approval) without using an explicit label like 'restricted' or 'open access'. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In neuroimaging, describe the data with BIDS, NIfTI or DICOM.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No community standard (e.g., BIDS, MIAME) is named for the data. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Table 2 Summary of the between-scanner comparison performed at various levels of analysis","why":"Variable definitions are provided in the article's tables and methods, but no separate documentation object (README, codebook) is named as accompanying the data. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Participant data can only be made available to approved researchers under a formal data sharing agreement: https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts/data-access-collaboration.","why":"The gatekeeper is an institutional process (formal data sharing agreement, Lothian Birth Cohorts data access collaboration), not a natural person. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier (accession, DOI, RRID, etc.) is given for any external resource that the data depend on or derive from.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not mention any retention period, availability timing, or persistence commitment for the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:31:08.339655Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}