{"doi":"10.1002/gps.6037","title":"Racial differences in the effect of <i>APOE‐ε4</i> genotypes on trail making test B in Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study","abstract":"OBJECTIVES: The trail making test part B (TMT-B) evaluates executive functions, memory, and sensorimotor functions. No previous study was found to examine the longitudinal effect of APOE-ε4 genotypes on the TMT-B scores in Alzheimer's disease (AD) across racial groups. METHODS: This study used the data from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): 382 participants with AD, 503 with cognitive normal (CN), 1293 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline and follow-up of four years. The multivariable linear mixed model was used to investigate the effect of APOE-ε4 genotypes on changes in TMT-B scores. RESULTS: Compared with Whites, African Americans (AA) and Hispanics had higher TMT-B scores (poor cognitive function). Furthermore, Whites subjects with 1 or 2 APOE-ε4 alleles had significantly higher TMT-B scores compared with individuals without APOE-ε4 allele at baseline and four follow-up visits; however, no differences in TMT-B were found between APOE-ε4 alleles in the Hispanic and AA groups. No APOE-ε4 by visit interactions was found for 3 racial groups. Stratified by AD diagnosis, the APOE-ε4 allele was associated with TMT-B scores only in the MCI group, while there were significant interactions for visit by education, APOE-ε4 allele, and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in the MCI group. In addition, TMT-B was significantly correlated with the MMSE, AD Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale 13 (ADAS13), tTau, pTau, Aβ42, and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: APOE-ɛ4 allele is associated with TMT-B scores in Whites subjects, but not in the Hispanic and AA groups. APOE-ε4 showed interaction with visit in the MCI group.","journal":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","year":2023,"id":379396,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":29.844511487584125,"corpus_rank":8690,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":2,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6949,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":824956,"name":"Priscila Acevedo","orcid":"0000-0001-6320-4463","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":746064,"name":"Yongke Lu","orcid":"0000-0002-0445-1461","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":824957,"name":"Bin Su","orcid":"0000-0002-7236-9857","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":746613,"name":"Kaysie Ozuna","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":825382,"name":"Victoria Padilla","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":824958,"name":"Annu Karithara","orcid":"0009-0006-7378-4311","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1144186,"name":"Chunxiang Mao","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1144187,"name":"R. Osvaldo Navia","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":742308,"name":"Ubolrat Piamjariyakul","orcid":"0000-0003-0310-3673","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":411636,"name":"Kesheng Wang","orcid":"0000-0001-7118-3877","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":29928,"name":"the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":746062,"name":"Chun Xu","orcid":"0000-0001-7893-6341","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:52.622552Z","pmid":"38100638","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}