{"doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70075","title":"The Influence of Pre‐Exercise Snacking on Glycemic Control, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Subjective Mood and Hunger During a 30‐h Fast: A Randomized Crossover Study","abstract":"Glycemic control is vital to health and disease prevention. A randomized crossover design assessed the effects of fasting alone, fasting with exercise, and fasting with a pre-exercise snack on beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and glucose concentrations, hunger, mood, physical activity, and sleep in 30 participants (16 male). BHB concentrations were elevated in the exercise condition compared to the control at 24 h (p < 0.01), continuing through the end of the intervention (p < 0.01). BHB concentrations were also elevated in the exercise condition compared to the pre-exercise snack condition at 22 h (p < 0.01) and 24 h (p = 0.01) with no differences in BHB between the pre-exercise snack condition and control. There was no main effect of condition on glucose concentrations during the 30-h fast (p = 0.48). However, a condition by time interaction (p < 0.01) revealed elevated glucose levels immediately after exercise (p < 0.01) and lower glucose levels at hour 24 in the exercise-only condition compared to control (p < 0.05). Hunger ratings were lower at 21 h in both exercise conditions immediately following the bout (p < 0.01), but similar at all other time-points. Moderate physical activity was greatest during the pre-exercise snack condition (p = 0.02). Sleep and mood parameters did not differ between conditions. Snacking before exercise produced comparable levels of BHB to a water-only fast. After fasted exercise, BHB decreased, and glucose increased compared to water-only fasting. Hunger was lower following exercise. Snacking before exercise could be a viable alternative for maintaining glycemic control while temporarily reducing subjective hunger compared to a water-only fast.","journal":"European Journal of Sport Science","year":2025,"id":579380,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9502,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1489576,"name":"Katelynn Hales","orcid":"0009-0004-9264-6702","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1488924,"name":"Elizabeth Z. Gipson","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1489986,"name":"Hennessey Chan","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1488538,"name":"Bruce W. Bailey","orcid":"0000-0001-9294-4890","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1394251,"name":"Landon Deru","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:58:30.282164Z","pmid":"41152201","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}