{"doi":"10.1002/eji.1830251210","title":"A human follicular lymphoma B cell line hypermutates its functional immunoglobulin genes <i>in vitro</i>","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The functional immunoglobulin (Ig) genes of B lymphocytes undergo somatic mutations during immune responses. These mutations modify the antigen binding site of the immunoglobulins, thereby enhancing the average affinity of the antibodies produced. The molecular mechanism underlying these B cell hypermutations remains unresolved, partly because it is difficult to grow normal B cells in long‐term cell cultures and because there is no suitable transformed or malignant B cell line which generates mutations in its immunoglobulin genes <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>. Here, we show that the recently established follicular lymphoma line HF‐1.3.4 generates somatic hypermutations <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> at a high frequency of 0.7 × 10<jats:sup>−6</jats:sup> mutations per base pair per generation in standard cell cultures (RPMI 1640 + 5% fetal calf serum). This shows for the first time that B cell hypermutation can occur without T cells or T cell factors. The mutation frequency increased approximately tenfold to 1 × 10<jats:sup>−5</jats:sup> mutations/base pair/generation with B cell‐specific growth factors (interleukins −2 and −4 and three antibodies stimulatory to HF‐1.3.4 cells). This HF‐1.3.4 lymphoma line may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Ig gene hypermutation.</jats:p>","journal":"European Journal of Immunology","year":1995,"id":635580,"datarank":0.4335557636844247,"base_score":2.8903717578961645,"endowment":2.8903717578961645,"self_citation_contribution":0.4335557636844247,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4335557636844247,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":17,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1649054,"name":"Eila Pelkonen","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1558755,"name":"Sakari Knuutila","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649056,"name":"Matti Kaartinen","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":19082,"name":"Hongyan Wu","orcid":"0000-0002-6887-2548","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"A human follicular lymphoma B cell line hypermutates its functional immunoglobulin genes <i>in vitro</i>","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The functional immunoglobulin (Ig) genes of B lymphocytes undergo somatic mutations during immune responses. These mutations modify the antigen binding site of the immunoglobulins, thereby enhancing the average affinity of the antibodies produced. The molecular mechanism underlying these B cell hypermutations remains unresolved, partly because it is difficult to grow normal B cells in long‐term cell cultures and because there is no suitable transformed or malignant B cell line which generates mutations in its immunoglobulin genes <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>. Here, we show that the recently established follicular lymphoma line HF‐1.3.4 generates somatic hypermutations <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> at a high frequency of 0.7 × 10<jats:sup>−6</jats:sup> mutations per base pair per generation in standard cell cultures (RPMI 1640 + 5% fetal calf serum). This shows for the first time that B cell hypermutation can occur without T cells or T cell factors. The mutation frequency increased approximately tenfold to 1 × 10<jats:sup>−5</jats:sup> mutations/base pair/generation with B cell‐specific growth factors (interleukins −2 and −4 and three antibodies stimulatory to HF‐1.3.4 cells). This HF‐1.3.4 lymphoma line may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Ig gene hypermutation.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.8903717578961645,"endowment":2.8903717578961645,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"8566010","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2165225696","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.3437,"citation_percentile":0.81457663,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"closed","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Feji.1830251210","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eji.1830251210","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830251210","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8566010","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","T-cell and B-cell Immunology","Immune Cell Function and Interaction","Amino Acid Sequence","Apoptosis","B-Lymphocytes","Base Sequence","Genes, Immunoglobulin","Humans","Lymphoma, Follicular","Molecular Sequence Data","Mutation","Tumor Cells, Cultured"],"mesh_terms":["Amino Acid Sequence","B-Lymphocytes","Base Sequence","Genes, Immunoglobulin","Humans","Lymphoma, Follicular","Molecular Sequence Data","Mutation","Tumor Cells, Cultured","Apoptosis"],"keywords":["Biology","Follicular lymphoma","Gene","In vitro","Antibody","Lymphoma","B cell","Follicular phase","Immunology","Molecular biology","Cancer research","Computational biology","Genetics"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-06T15:19:13.147926Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}