{"doi":"10.1002/ece3.8423","title":"Balanced polymorphisms and their divergence in a <i>Heliconius</i> butterfly","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The evolution of mimicry in similarly defended prey is well described by the Müllerian mimicry theory, which predicts the convergence of warning patterns in order to gain the most protection from predators. However, despite this prediction, we can find great diversity of color patterns among Müllerian mimics such as <jats:italic>Heliconius</jats:italic> butterflies in the neotropics. Furthermore, some species have evolved the ability to maintain multiple distinct warning patterns in single populations, a phenomenon known as polymorphic mimicry. The adaptive benefit of these polymorphisms is questionable since variation from the most common warning patterns is expected to be disadvantageous as novel signals are punished by predators naive to them. In this study, we use artificial butterfly models throughout Central and South America to characterize the selective pressures maintaining polymorphic mimicry in <jats:italic>Heliconius doris</jats:italic>. Our results highlight the complexity of positive frequency‐dependent selection, the principal selective pressure driving convergence among Müllerian mimics, and its impacts on interspecific variation of mimetic warning coloration. We further show how this selection regime can both limit and facilitate the diversification of mimetic traits.</jats:p>","journal":"Ecology and Evolution","year":2021,"id":34216,"datarank":0.3592896163662906,"base_score":1.9459101490553132,"endowment":1.9459101490553132,"self_citation_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citation_network_contribution":0.06740309400799353,"self_endowment_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citer_contribution":0.06740309400799353,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":4,"citers_with_citation_signal":3,"citers_with_endowment":3,"datacite_reuse_total":1,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":177606,"name":"Steven Van Belleghem","orcid":"0000-0001-9399-1007","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":177607,"name":"Ryan Range","orcid":"0000-0002-6619-3453","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":177608,"name":"Riccardo Papa","orcid":"0000-0002-7986-9993","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":177609,"name":"Owen W. McMillan","orcid":"0000-0003-2805-2745","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":177610,"name":"Mathieu Chouteau","orcid":"0000-0003-2043-0895","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":177611,"name":"Brian A. Counterman","orcid":"0000-0003-2724-071X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":177605,"name":"James G. Ogilvie","orcid":"0000-0003-2487-7336","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":1.9459101490553132,"endowment":1.9459101490553132,"datacite_reuse_total":1,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"35003675","pmcid":"PMC8717333","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4200154250","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","grant_id":"ANR‐10‐LABX‐25‐01","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Science Foundation","grant_id":"1736026","title":"RII Track-2 FEC: Genomic Logic Underlying Adaptive Morphological Divergence"}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":1.8246,"citation_percentile":0.87193257,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":"GOLD"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35003675","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00724/83605/","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/284f9dd6433c4096a845a2e0fd9ec64c","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8717333","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00724/83605/90439.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8717333","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8717333?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.163251241.19163098/v1","host_type":""},{"url":"https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00724/83605/88623.pdf","host_type":""},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.163251241.19163098/v2","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/c25j3-1f890","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/h0h58-wfr02","host_type":""},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":""},{"url":"https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8423","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Plant and animal studies","Animal Behavior and Reproduction","Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior","Medicine","Biology","0106 biological sciences","01 natural sciences"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Müllerian mimicry","Heliconius","Mimicry","Aposematism","Biology","Butterfly","Evolutionary biology","Predation","Frequency-dependent selection","Batesian mimicry","Divergence (linguistics)","Coevolution","Ecology","Selection (genetic algorithm)","Predator","Artificial intelligence","Computer science","Polymorphism","Diversification","Polymorphic Mimicry","570","Genomic Insights into Social Insects and Symbiosis","Müllerian mimicry","Agricultural and Biological Sciences","Heliconiu","Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","Genetics","Mullerian mimicry","QH540-549.5","Research Articles","Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics","Life Sciences","Linguistics","FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion","Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Behavior and Traits","Philosophy","Adaptive Evolution","FOS: Biological sciences","FOS: Languages and literature","Impact of Pollinator Decline on Ecosystems and Agriculture"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.h9w0vt4j5","title":"Balanced polymorphisms and their divergence in a Heliconius butterfly","publisher":"Dryad","resource_type":"Dataset"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-09T17:58:59.311695Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}