{"doi":"10.1002/dad2.12573","title":"Normative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution for diverse Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the Study of Latinos‐Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL‐INCA)","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Executive functioning and processing speed are crucial elements of neuropsychological assessment. To meet the needs of the Hispanic/Latino population, we aimed to provide normative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) test. METHODS: = 6177). Average age was 63.4 ± 8.3 years, 54.5% were female, and mean education was 11.0 ± 4.7 years. Participants were administered the DSS as part of a larger battery. Heritage-adjusted DSS scores, and percentile cut-points were created using survey-adjusted regression and quantile regression models. RESULTS: Age, education, sex, heritage, and language preference were associated with DSS scores. DISCUSSION: Significant correlates of DSS performance should be considered when evaluating cognitive performance. Representative DSS norms for Hispanics/Latinos will advance assessment and accuracy of neurocognitive disorder diagnosis in clinical practice. To facilitate interpretation, we provide norms to reduce test biases and developed an online dashboard. Highlights: Normative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) for diverse Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL-INCA) This study is the first to develop norms for the DSS test across four regions of the United States.Factors such as age, education, sex, and Hispanic/Latino heritage and language preference are associated with differences in executive functioning and information processing speed.We created norms and an online dashboard (https://solincalab.shinyapps.io/dsst_shiny/) providing an easily accessible tool to evaluate processing speed and executive functioning in Hispanic/Latino adults.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring","year":2024,"id":467665,"datarank":0.2362182140574423,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.028274059889458695,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.028274059889458695,"corpus_percentile":38.54722673474124,"corpus_rank":7945,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":3,"citers_with_citation_signal":2,"citers_with_endowment":2,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8877,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":303806,"name":"Wassim Tarraf","orcid":"0000-0001-8888-7918","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":673794,"name":"Kevin A. González","orcid":"0000-0002-8958-3884","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":303809,"name":"Ariana M. Stickel","orcid":"0000-0002-6312-2377","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":410818,"name":"Lisa V. Graves","orcid":"0000-0001-6861-8745","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":108608,"name":"David P. Salmon","orcid":"0000-0003-4533-4090","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":737565,"name":"Sonya Kaur","orcid":"0000-0003-4962-6066","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":421766,"name":"Linda C. Gallo","orcid":"0000-0002-3678-5888","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":91398,"name":"Carmen R. Isasi","orcid":"0000-0003-2700-9593","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":234917,"name":"Richard B. Lipton","orcid":"0000-0003-2652-2897","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282469,"name":"Melissa Lamar","orcid":"0000-0001-6130-5543","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":680003,"name":"Zachary T. Goodman","orcid":"0000-0002-0126-4425","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":303812,"name":"Hector M. González","orcid":"0000-0003-4867-7902","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":312156,"name":"Alejandra Morlett Paredes","orcid":"0000-0002-1027-537X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":47,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:05:15.025255Z","pmid":"38566831","pmcid":"PMC10983023","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}