{"doi":"10.1002/dad2.12055","title":"Lower practice effects as a marker of cognitive performance and dementia risk: A literature review","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Practice effects (PEs) are improvements in performance after repeated exposure to test materials, and typically viewed as a source of bias in repeated cognitive assessments. We aimed to determine whether characterizing PEs could also provide a useful marker of early cognitive decline. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature, searching PsycInfo (Ebsco) and PubMed databases for articles studying PEs in aging and dementia populations. Articles published between 1920 and 2019 were included. RESULT: We identified 259 articles, of which 27 studied PEs as markers of cognitive performance. These studies consistently showed that smaller, less-robust PEs were associated with current diagnostic status and/or future cognitive decline. In addition, lower PEs were associated with Alzheimer's disease risk factors and neurodegeneration biomarkers. CONCLUSION: PEs provide a potentially useful marker of cognitive decline, and could prove valuable as part of a cost-effective strategy to select individuals who are at-risk for dementia for future interventions.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring","year":2020,"id":54855,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":99,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9588,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":282464,"name":"Evan Grandoit","orcid":"0000-0003-4926-6013","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282465,"name":"Nancy S. Foldi","orcid":"0000-0001-8810-8558","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282466,"name":"Sietske A.M. Sikkes","orcid":"0000-0002-0161-3656","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282467,"name":"Richard N. Jones","orcid":"0000-0002-1049-218X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282468,"name":"Seo‐Eun Choi","orcid":"0000-0002-2163-688X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282469,"name":"Melissa Lamar","orcid":"0000-0001-6130-5543","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282470,"name":"Diana Louden","orcid":"0000-0002-6161-5557","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282471,"name":"Joanne Rich","orcid":"0000-0001-6051-2313","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283695,"name":"Douglas Tommet","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":91756,"name":"Paul K. Crane","orcid":"0000-0003-4278-7465","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283696,"name":"Laura A. Rabin","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282463,"name":"Roos J. Jutten","orcid":"0000-0002-3712-4790","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":55,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:04:14.743014Z","pmid":"32671181","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}