{"doi":"10.1002/ctm2.70418","title":"A robust machine learning model based on ribosomal‐subunit‐derived piRNAs for diagnostic potential of nonsmall cell lung cancer across multicentre, large‐scale of sequencing data","abstract":"Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a lethal cancer and lacks robust biomarkers for noninvasive clinical diagnosis. Detecting NSCLC at the early stage can decrease the mortality rate and minimise harm caused by various treatments. We curated 2050 samples from public tissue and plasma datasets including both invasive and noninvasive types, then supplemented with in-house pooled plasma and exosome samples. Eleven independent transcriptome datasets were utilised to develop a new machine learning model by integrating PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) to predict NSCLC. Five piRNA signatures derived from ribosomal subunits identified to be tumour-specific exhibited robust diagnostic ability and were combined into a piRNA-Based Tumour Probability Index (pi-TPI) risk evaluation model. pi-TPI effectively distinguished NSCLC patients from healthy individuals and showed efficacy in identifying early-stage cancers with Area under the ROC Curve (AUC) values over .80. Plasma cohorts exhibited the diagnosis efficacy of pi-TPI with an AUC value of .85. Experimental exosomal data enhances the accuracy of diagnosing noncancerous, benign, and cancer cases. The pi-TPI marker in the noncancer/cancer subgroup exhibited superior predictive performance with an AUC value of .96. These findings underscore the significant clinical potential of the five piRNA signatures as a powerful diagnostic tool for NSCLC, particularly of noninvasive cancer diagnostics.","journal":"Clinical and Translational Medicine","year":2025,"id":526369,"datarank":0.20794415416798362,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":35.18991258606018,"corpus_rank":8206,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":3,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5082,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":50.0,"fair_percentile":62.702537450321,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":321924,"name":"Masaki Nasu","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":965984,"name":"Gehan Devendra","orcid":"0000-0002-1978-5667","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1398297,"name":"Ayman Abdul-Ghani","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":631980,"name":"Alba García Seco de Herrera","orcid":"0000-0002-6509-5325","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":70015,"name":"Jeffrey A. Borgia","orcid":"0000-0002-1520-7966","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":70018,"name":"Christopher W. Seder","orcid":"0000-0002-4070-1245","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":912092,"name":"Donna Lee Kuehu","orcid":"0000-0003-1367-8366","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1345493,"name":"Zhuokun Feng","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1401905,"name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"0000-0001-8678-3787","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":432259,"name":"Ting Gong","orcid":"0000-0003-4844-0227","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":858656,"name":"Zao Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-3552-8078","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":341440,"name":"Owen Chan","orcid":"0000-0002-6652-1066","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1401906,"name":"Hua Yang","orcid":"0000-0002-1260-3306","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":253516,"name":"Jianhua Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-0326-3223","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891401,"name":"Yuanyuan Fu","orcid":"0000-0001-7715-0558","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240062,"name":"Lang Wu","orcid":"0000-0001-9938-3627","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":320407,"name":"Youping Deng","orcid":"0000-0002-5951-8213","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":780661,"name":"Zitong Gao","orcid":"0000-0001-5689-6043","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":82,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:50:30.402772Z","pmid":"40714929","pmcid":"PMC12410371","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":61.1111,"fair_a":62.5,"fair_i":20.0,"fair_r":41.6667,"fair_zscore":0.6155,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":50.0,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":61.11,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The identifier is a GitHub URL, which is not a persistent identifier scheme (DOI, Handle, ARK, or repository accession).","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"GitHub is named as the holder; it is a code repository, not a data repository listed in the class-1 list (e.g., GEO, Zenodo).","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to a public repository (GitHub) with a link, corresponding to Colavizza category 3. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"We curated 2050 samples from public tissue and plasma datasets including both invasive and noninvasive types, then supplemented with in‐house pooled plasma and exosome samples.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The dataset is described in running prose without an itemised inventory (section, table, or list) of files, variables, or samples. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The dataset identifier appears only in the body text (data availability statement), not in the reference list.","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":62.5,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The sentence gives a route to the data with no stated precondition; it is openly accessible.","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The sentence states the data are available on GitHub but does not use an explicit standard access-level label like 'open access' or 'freely available'; the access is described by action.","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The data are from human subjects but are shared openly on GitHub with no gatekeeper mentioned.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No sentence states the timing or retention period for the data. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":20.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format is named for the released data.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No data or metadata community standard (e.g., MIAME, BIDS, GO) is named for the study's data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"We have 1426 tissue samples from TCGA‑LUAD (559/USA), TCGA‑LUSC (523/USA), GSE83527 (52/Canada), GSE62182 (56/Canada), GSE175462 (140/Canada), GSE110907 (96/Korea), 192 plasma samples from GSE148861 (49/China), GSE148862 (27/China), GSE204951 (92/Spain), 24 plasma pooling samples and 192 plasma exosome samples from our institute (USA).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides identifiers (GSE numbers, TCGA) for external datasets that the study used. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":41.67,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No reuse license is named for the data; the CC BY 4.0 license applies to the article only.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"We used miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (QIAGEN) for RNA extraction from plasma following the manufacturer's protocol.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific kits and instruments (Qiagen kit, NextSeq 500) used to produce the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No documentation object (README, codebook) is mentioned as accompanying the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No version token or date is given for the data snapshot.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"A machine-resolvable locator (GitHub URL) is given for the code.","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"This work was partially supported by the National Institute of Health grants (R01CA223490, R01CA230514, P30GM114737, P20GM103466, U54MD007601, P30CA071789, P20GM139753, U54GM138062, U54HG013243, UE5HG013826, T32DK137523, 1OT2OD032581‑02‑997, 3OT2OD032581‑01S5‑895, 1OT2OD032581‑02‑PP90Y, U24MD015970, RCC‑004UHI‑Pilot, OT2OD032581, 1OT2OD032581‑02‑824).","grounded":true,"rationale":"Award numbers are provided for the funding.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No reuse license is named for the data; the CC BY 4.0 license applies to the article only.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","why":"The identifier is a GitHub URL, which is not a persistent identifier scheme (DOI, Handle, ARK, or repository accession).","gain":8.33,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","why":"GitHub is named as the holder; it is a code repository, not a data repository listed in the class-1 list (e.g., GEO, Zenodo).","gain":8.33,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","dimension":"I","label":"Open file format","action":"Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No file format is named for the released data.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","why":"The dataset identifier appears only in the body text (data availability statement), not in the reference list.","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No version token or date is given for the data snapshot.","gain":4.17,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"We curated 2050 samples from public tissue and plasma datasets including both invasive and noninvasive types, then supplemented with in‐house pooled plasma and exosome samples.","why":"The dataset is described in running prose without an itemised inventory (section, table, or list) of files, variables, or samples. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The pi‑TPI data and code generated in this study are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/rarukua/pi‐TPI ).","why":"The sentence states the data are available on GitHub but does not use an explicit standard access-level label like 'open access' or 'freely available'; the access is described by action.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In clinical / human-subjects, describe the data with OMOP CDM, CDISC SDTM or HL7 FHIR.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No data or metadata community standard (e.g., MIAME, BIDS, GO) is named for the study's data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. 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For sensitive/human clinical / human-subjects data, use a controlled-access repository such as dbGaP or EGA.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The data are from human subjects but are shared openly on GitHub with no gatekeeper mentioned.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No sentence states the timing or retention period for the data. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T13:16:40.819378Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}