{"doi":"10.1002/cpz1.75","title":"Real‐Time Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity in HepG2 Cells Using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer","abstract":"The liver is the primary organ responsible for drug detoxification. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of attrition during drug development and is one of the main reasons that drugs are withdrawn from the market. Hence, the prevention of DILI plays a central role in the overall drug-discovery process. Most of the liver's energy supply comes in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is largely generated by mitochondria. This article describes the evaluation of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Agilent). The described protocols detail the accurate measurement of ATP production rate in HepG2 cells after exposure to a panel of potentially toxic compounds. This assay measures changes in extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) as indicators of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration-the two major energy-generating pathways in a cell. This assay provides a useful model to predict mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated DILI. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Measurement of cellular ECAR, OCR, and ATP production in live HepG2 cells Support Protocol 1: Culturing and maintaining of HepG2 cells Support Protocol 2: Determining optimal cell density per well.","journal":"Current Protocols","year":2021,"id":187710,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":17,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9645,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":720635,"name":"Grace Pohan","orcid":"0000-0001-5808-8496","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":246284,"name":"Michelle R. Arkin","orcid":"0000-0002-9366-6770","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":720636,"name":"Sarine Markossian","orcid":"0000-0003-4042-0264","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":720634,"name":"Jether Amos Espinosa","orcid":"0000-0001-8957-0322","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":16,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:48:55.420619Z","pmid":"33735523","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}