{"doi":"10.1002/brb3.2413","title":"Assessment of brain age in posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA PTSD and brain age working groups","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with markers of accelerated aging. Estimates of brain age, compared to chronological age, may clarify the effects of PTSD on the brain and may inform treatment approaches targeting the neurobiology of aging in the context of PTSD. METHOD: Adult subjects (N = 2229; 56.2% male) aged 18-69 years (mean = 35.6, SD = 11.0) from 21 ENIGMA-PGC PTSD sites underwent T1-weighted brain structural magnetic resonance imaging, and PTSD assessment (PTSD+, n = 884). Previously trained voxel-wise (brainageR) and region-of-interest (BARACUS and PHOTON) machine learning pipelines were compared in a subset of control subjects (n = 386). Linear mixed effects models were conducted in the full sample (those with and without PTSD) to examine the effect of PTSD on brain predicted age difference (brain PAD; brain age - chronological age) controlling for chronological age, sex, and scan site. RESULTS: BrainageR most accurately predicted brain age in a subset (n = 386) of controls (brainageR: ICC = 0.71, R = 0.72, MAE = 5.68; PHOTON: ICC = 0.61, R = 0.62, MAE = 6.37; BARACUS: ICC = 0.47, R = 0.64, MAE = 8.80). Using brainageR, a three-way interaction revealed that young males with PTSD exhibited higher brain PAD relative to male controls in young and old age groups; old males with PTSD exhibited lower brain PAD compared to male controls of all ages. DISCUSSION: Differential impact of PTSD on brain PAD in younger versus older males may indicate a critical window when PTSD impacts brain aging, followed by age-related brain changes that are consonant with individuals without PTSD. Future longitudinal research is warranted to understand how PTSD impacts brain aging across the lifespan.","journal":"Brain and Behavior","year":2021,"id":153128,"datarank":1.3831582504485411,"base_score":4.276666119016055,"endowment":4.276666119016055,"self_citation_contribution":0.6414999178524083,"citation_network_contribution":0.7416583325961328,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6414999178524083,"citer_contribution":0.7416583325961328,"corpus_percentile":85.04680126866249,"corpus_rank":1934,"citation_count":71,"citer_count":40,"citers_with_citation_signal":22,"citers_with_endowment":22,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6237,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":4.1667,"fair_percentile":4.891470498318557,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":284503,"name":"Kelene A. Fercho","orcid":"0000-0003-0577-186X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":649836,"name":"Molly Monsour","orcid":"0000-0001-9801-7465","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284501,"name":"Seth G. Disner","orcid":"0000-0003-3635-9421","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109298,"name":"Lauren E. Salminen","orcid":"0000-0002-0684-9991","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107814,"name":"Courtney C. Haswell","orcid":"0000-0003-0562-9855","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270527,"name":"Emily K. Clarke‐Rubright","orcid":"0000-0003-3553-2990","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":650683,"name":"Amanda A. Watts","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":649837,"name":"M. Nicole Buckley","orcid":"0000-0003-4871-1592","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":95856,"name":"Adi Maron‐Katz","orcid":"0000-0003-4246-1748","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284535,"name":"Anika Sierk","orcid":"0000-0002-1396-8075","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":286916,"name":"Antje Manthey","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284539,"name":"Benjamin Suarez‐Jimenez","orcid":"0000-0002-4765-2458","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":379481,"name":"Bunmi O. Olatunji","orcid":"0000-0002-3573-4165","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":479084,"name":"Christopher L. Averill","orcid":"0000-0001-7575-6142","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284511,"name":"David Hofmann","orcid":"0000-0003-3494-634X","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240749,"name":"Dick J. Veltman","orcid":"0000-0001-8971-4250","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284528,"name":"Elizabeth A. Olson","orcid":"0000-0003-4617-8050","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284523,"name":"Gen Li","orcid":"0000-0002-9625-208X","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284505,"name":"Gina L. Forster","orcid":"0000-0001-5090-9069","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235063,"name":"Henrik Walter","orcid":"0000-0002-9403-6121","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284504,"name":"Jacklynn M. Fitzgerald","orcid":"0000-0002-6076-4067","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":628323,"name":"Jean Théberge","orcid":"0000-0001-7578-4469","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284536,"name":"Jeffrey S. Simons","orcid":"0000-0002-6378-0281","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284493,"name":"Jessica Bomyea","orcid":"0000-0001-9853-135X","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284506,"name":"Jessie L. Frijling","orcid":"0000-0002-5055-340X","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55788,"name":"John H. Krystal","orcid":"0000-0001-6952-1726","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":346816,"name":"Justin T. Baker","orcid":"0000-0002-6629-2195","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284530,"name":"K. Luan Phan","orcid":"0009-0004-8693-6690","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5428,"name":"Kerry J. Ressler","orcid":"0000-0002-5158-1103","position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109312,"name":"Laura K. M. Han","orcid":"0000-0001-9647-3723","position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255926,"name":"Laura Nawijn","orcid":"0000-0001-7183-8933","position":31,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284521,"name":"Lauren A. M. Lebois","orcid":"0000-0001-5816-9181","position":32,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240735,"name":"Lianne Schmaal","orcid":"0000-0001-9822-048X","position":33,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196920,"name":"Maria Densmore","orcid":null,"position":34,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274933,"name":"Martha E. Shenton","orcid":"0000-0003-4235-7879","position":35,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264480,"name":"Mirjam van Zuiden","orcid":"0000-0002-1225-2702","position":36,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":22832,"name":"Murray B Stein","orcid":"0000-0001-9564-2871","position":37,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284502,"name":"Negar Fani","orcid":"0000-0002-7720-252X","position":38,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":286919,"name":"Raluca M. Simons","orcid":null,"position":39,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":649838,"name":"Richard W. J. Neufeld","orcid":"0000-0002-3214-8603","position":40,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":196929,"name":"Ruth A. Lanius","orcid":null,"position":41,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":35444,"name":"Sanne J.H. van Rooij","orcid":"0000-0002-0160-7248","position":42,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284518,"name":"Saskia B.J. Koch","orcid":"0000-0002-3628-6712","position":43,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":650684,"name":"Serena Bonomo","orcid":null,"position":44,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284515,"name":"Tanja Jovanović","orcid":"0000-0002-6456-0053","position":45,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284500,"name":"Terri A. deRoon‐Cassini","orcid":"0000-0002-9485-0625","position":46,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":649704,"name":"Timothy D. Ely","orcid":"0000-0002-5690-5234","position":47,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284524,"name":"Vincent A. Magnotta","orcid":"0000-0001-8639-5354","position":48,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":500641,"name":"Xiaofu He","orcid":"0000-0002-7401-1656","position":49,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250550,"name":"Chadi G. Abdallah","orcid":"0000-0001-5783-6181","position":50,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":241405,"name":"Amit Etkin","orcid":"0000-0001-8259-3521","position":51,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284534,"name":"Christian Schmahl","orcid":"0000-0003-0141-0821","position":52,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284520,"name":"Christine L. Larson","orcid":"0000-0002-1359-6080","position":53,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284532,"name":"Isabelle M. Rosso","orcid":"0000-0001-6988-3858","position":54,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":211611,"name":"Jennifer Urbano Blackford","orcid":null,"position":55,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284538,"name":"Jennifer S. Stevens","orcid":"0000-0003-4674-0314","position":56,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284497,"name":"Judith K. Daniels","orcid":"0000-0001-6304-2310","position":57,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284510,"name":"Julia Herzog","orcid":"0000-0001-8326-5466","position":58,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284516,"name":"Milissa L. 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Archive the analysis code in a versioned repository (GitHub + a Zenodo release DOI).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The study's own analysis code is not provided; only third-party tools are cited.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No version token or date is given for the data.","gain":4.17,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","dimension":"F","label":"Data-availability statement","action":"Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","why":"Statement exists but points to a person (Colavizza category 1).","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not describe the dataset's content in an itemized inventory or even in running prose; it only describes the study sample and findings. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","why":"No access-level label is given, but the sentence describes whom to contact, an access action. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In neuroimaging, describe the data with BIDS, NIfTI or DICOM.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No FAIRsharing-registered data or metadata standard is named.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No documentation object (README, codebook) is named, and the article does not contain a variable-definition table for the dataset. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","why":"The gatekeeper named is the corresponding author, a natural person.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No sentence addresses when the data become available or how long they persist.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:11:52.567502Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}