{"doi":"10.1002/bio.676","title":"Imaging of light emission from the expression of luciferases in living cells and organisms: a review","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Luciferases are enzymes that emit light in the presence of oxygen and a substrate (luciferin) and which have been used for real‐time, low‐light imaging of gene expression in cell cultures, individual cells, whole organisms, and transgenic organisms. Such luciferin–luciferase systems include, among others, the bacterial <jats:italic>lux</jats:italic> genes of terrestrial <jats:italic>Photorhabdus luminescens</jats:italic> and marine <jats:italic>Vibrio harveyi</jats:italic> bacteria, as well as eukaryotic luciferase <jats:italic>luc</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ruc</jats:italic> genes from firefly species (<jats:italic>Photinus</jats:italic>) and the sea panzy (<jats:italic>Renilla reniformis</jats:italic>), respectively. In various vectors and in fusion constructs with other gene products such as green fluorescence protein (GFP; from the jellyfish <jats:italic>Aequorea</jats:italic>), luciferases have served as reporters in a number of promoter search and targeted gene expression experiments over the last two decades. Luciferase imaging has also been used to trace bacterial and viral infection <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> and to visualize the proliferation of tumour cells in animal models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</jats:p>","journal":"Luminescence","year":2002,"id":22076,"datarank":15.170566852802379,"base_score":5.934894195619588,"endowment":5.934894195619588,"self_citation_contribution":0.8902341293429383,"citation_network_contribution":14.280332723459441,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8902341293429383,"citer_contribution":14.280332723459441,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":377,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":140028,"name":"Aladar A. Szalay","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":140027,"name":"Lee F. Greer","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":5.934894195619588,"endowment":5.934894195619588,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"11816060","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2040744436","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":7.0159,"citation_percentile":0.97871349,"influential_citations":5,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":24},{"year":2013,"count":25},{"year":2014,"count":18},{"year":2015,"count":23},{"year":2016,"count":16},{"year":2017,"count":19},{"year":2018,"count":7},{"year":2019,"count":11},{"year":2020,"count":6},{"year":2021,"count":9},{"year":2022,"count":8},{"year":2023,"count":5},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":6},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/bio.676","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.676","host_type":"BRONZE"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/bio.676","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fbio.676","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bio.676","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11816060","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["bioluminescence and chemiluminescence research","Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","Cell Image Analysis Techniques","Biology","Medicine","Chemistry","Animals","Cells","Diagnostic Imaging","Genes, Reporter","Genetic Vectors","Humans","Luciferases","Luminescence","Organisms, Genetically Modified"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Cells","Diagnostic Imaging","Genetic Vectors","Humans","Luciferases","Genes, Reporter","Organisms, Genetically Modified","Luminescence"],"keywords":["Luciferases","Luciferase","Photorhabdus luminescens","Luciferin","Bioluminescence","Vibrio harveyi","Biology","Light emission","Green fluorescent protein","Lampyridae","Aequorea victoria","Gene expression","Reporter gene","Photobiology","Microbiology","Gene","Bacteria","Cell biology","Biochemistry","Vibrio","Botany","Genetics","Firefly protocol","Transfection"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life below water"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-06T17:49:33.394367Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}