{"doi":"10.1002/ana.27260","title":"Toward a Universal Map of EEG: A Semantic, Low‐Dimensional Manifold for <scp>EEG</scp> Classification, Clustering, and Prognostication","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Prognostication in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOCs) remains challenging because of heterogeneous etiologies, pathophysiologies and, consequently, highly variable electroencephalograms (EEGs). Here, we use EEG patterns that are well-characterizable to create a latent map that positions novel EEGs along a continuum. We asses this map as a generalizable tool to extract prognostically valuable information from long-term EEG, by predicting outcome post-cardiac arrest as a first use case. METHODS: Categorizable EEGs across the health-disease continuum (wake [W], sleep [rapid eye movement (REM), non-REM (N1, N2, N3)], ictal-interictal-continuum [lateralized and generalized periodic discharges (LPD, GPD) and lateralized and generalized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA, GRDA)], seizures [SZ], burst suppression [BS]; 20,043 patients, 288,986 EEG segments) are arranged meaningfully in a low-dimensional space via a deep neural network, resulting in a universal map of EEG (UM-EEG). We assess prognostication after cardiac arrest (576 patients, recovery or death) based on long-term EEGs represented as trajectories in this continuous embedding space. RESULTS: Classification of out-of-sample EEG match state-of-the-art artificial intelligence algorithms while extending it to the currently largest set of classes across the health-disease continuum (mean area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve [AUROCs] 1-vs-all classification: W, 0.94; REM, 0.92; N1, 0.85; N2, 0.91; N3, 0.98; GRDA, 0.97; LRDA, 0.97; SZ, 0.87; GPD, 0.99; LPD, 0.97; BS, 0.94). UM-EEG enables outcome prediction after cardiac arrest with an AUROC of 0.86 and identifies interpretable factors governing prognosis such as the distance to healthy states over time. INTERPRETATION: UM-EEG presents a novel and physiologically meaningful representation to characterize brain states along the health-disease continuum. It offers new opportunities for personalized, long-term monitoring and prognostication. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:357-368.","journal":"Annals of Neurology","year":2025,"id":533951,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9476,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1416129,"name":"Dominik D. Kranz","orcid":"0009-0001-1852-5978","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1416130,"name":"Mustafa Halimeh","orcid":"0000-0002-5071-9326","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1416131,"name":"Alexander Nelde","orcid":"0000-0002-1248-8504","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":436218,"name":"Edilberto Amorim","orcid":"0000-0001-6972-5622","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":485320,"name":"Sahar F. Zafar","orcid":"0000-0001-5252-5376","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1416132,"name":"Jing Jin","orcid":"0000-0002-6133-5491","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501088,"name":"Robert J. Thomas","orcid":"0000-0002-5575-3953","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":280809,"name":"M. Brandon Westover","orcid":"0000-0003-4803-312X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":490657,"name":"Christian Meisel","orcid":"0000-0003-2984-5480","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1416128,"name":"Laura Krumm","orcid":"0000-0002-7926-8661","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":30,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:51:43.451278Z","pmid":"40539771","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}