{"doi":"10.1002/alz.70735","title":"The association of human apolipoprotein ε4 with dementia, cognition, imaging, and plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration in a sample of older adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: This study examined the association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and cognitive performance, neuroimaging, and plasma biomarkers in Congolese older adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). METHODS: Eighty-four participants (39 healthy controls [HCs], 45 with suspected dementia), aged 73.0 years on average, were assessed using the African Neuropsychology Battery, magnetic resonance imaging, and blood-based biomarkers. Regression models adjusted for age, sex, and education evaluated APOE's impact. RESULTS: APOE ε4 was more prevalent in dementia cases than in HCs. Overall, APOE ε4 status significantly affected naming and memory scores, mesial temporal and entorhinal cortex atrophy scores, and glial fibrillary acidic protein concentration levels. In HCs, it showed no significant impact on cognitive or neuroimaging tests, except for neurofilament light chain concentration levels. Among dementia participants, APOE ε4 status influenced only naming and memory scores. DISCUSSION: APOE ε4 carriers in this DRC cohort showed greater cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, highlighting its significant impact in African populations. HIGHLIGHTS: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 was more frequent in dementia cases than in healthy controls in a Democratic Republic of the Congo cohort. APOE ε4 carriers showed greater cognitive decline, especially in memory and visuospatial skills. Neuroimaging findings revealed increased hippocampal atrophy and cortical thinning in carriers. Plasma biomarkers in dementia showed higher amyloid beta 40, phosphorylated tau181, neurofilament light chain, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels. Findings underscore APOE ε4's impact on neurodegeneration in African populations.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","year":2025,"id":577818,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":0.0,"corpus_rank":10062,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.534,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":4.1667,"fair_percentile":4.891470498318557,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":518984,"name":"Saranya Sundaram Patel","orcid":"0000-0003-1070-6421","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1107831,"name":"Megan Schwinne","orcid":"0009-0004-6719-8821","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1359127,"name":"Caterina Obenauf","orcid":"0000-0002-3098-1108","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1070506,"name":"Emmanuel Epenge","orcid":"0000-0001-5233-0704","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1071078,"name":"Guy Gikelekele","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1071080,"name":"Nathan Tshengele","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1071079,"name":"Immaculée Kavugho","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":411179,"name":"Samuel Mampunza","orcid":"0000-0002-6875-0487","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1266036,"name":"Lelo Mananga","orcid":"0000-0002-8398-2286","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242552,"name":"Charlotte E. Teunissen","orcid":"0000-0002-4061-0837","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":260468,"name":"Julio C. Rojas","orcid":"0000-0002-1308-646X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1048394,"name":"Brandon Chan","orcid":"0000-0002-9450-4220","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":616959,"name":"Argentina Lario Lago","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":253908,"name":"Adam L. Boxer","orcid":"0000-0002-1215-5064","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":201260,"name":"Andreas Jeromin","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1359526,"name":"Emile Omba","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":322305,"name":"Alden L. Gross","orcid":"0000-0002-4678-0562","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24936,"name":"Álvaro Alonso","orcid":"0000-0002-2225-8323","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":940168,"name":"Jean Ikanga","orcid":"0000-0001-8754-733X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":45,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:58:16.148027Z","pmid":"41085166","pmcid":"PMC12519526","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":11.1111,"fair_a":6.25,"fair_i":0.0,"fair_r":25.0,"fair_zscore":-1.1986,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":4.17,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":11.11,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No persistent identifier string (DOI, Handle, ARK, URN, or repository accession) is given for the dataset.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No repository is named; the data are held by the authors.","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to the authors (Colavizza category 1), not a repository record, so it is partial. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The gatekeeper is a natural person (the authors), not an institutional gatekeeper, as the data are to be obtained by contacting the authors. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No sentence states when the data become available or how long they persist. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format for the released data is named in the text.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No data or metadata community standard (e.g., MIAME, MINSEQE, an ontology) is named; no reporting guideline is mentioned either.","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier for any external resource (e.g., database accession, genome build, code DOI) is provided.","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":25.0,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No license is named for the data; the CC BY 4.0 license applies to the article, not the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"All participants were imaged on a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging unit (Siemens, Magneton Sonata) scanner","grounded":true,"rationale":"Specific instruments, kits, and software versions are named, satisfying the 'yes' class. 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[downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No version token or date is given for the dataset.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No code location is provided; only third-party tools are mentioned.","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"This work was supported by the Emory Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) and NIH/NIA (grant number P30AG066511).","grounded":true,"rationale":"Award/grant numbers are provided for the funding, satisfying the 'yes' class. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No persistent identifier string (DOI, Handle, ARK, URN, or repository accession) is given for the dataset.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. 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For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The data availability statement offers a discretionary request to a person ('available by the authors') with no defined followable process.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. 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[majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier for any external resource (e.g., database accession, genome build, code DOI) is provided.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No sentence states when the data become available or how long they persist. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T13:56:25.890649Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}