{"doi":"10.1002/alz.70721","title":"Cognitive trajectories among English‐ and Spanish‐test‐takers in the NACC","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Cognitive assessments were traditionally developed using English-speaking populations, creating a potential disadvantage and misrepresentation for non-English speakers. We aimed to determine whether English- and Spanish-test-takers have similar or different cognitive trajectories. METHODS: Participants included 931 Hispanic/Latino adults from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. Using mixed-effects regression analyses, we examined baseline differences and longitudinal changes in memory, attention/working memory, executive functioning, and language between Spanish- and English-test-takers. Models controlled for age at baseline, education, sex, Hispanic/Latino heritage, and cognitive status. RESULTS: English-test-takers performed significantly better than Spanish-test-takers across all domains at baseline. No differences in cognitive trajectories were detected, except for attention/working memory, in which Spanish-test-takers declined at a slower rate than English-test-takers. DISCUSSION: Despite baseline differences, both groups exhibited largely similar cognitive aging trajectories. These findings suggest that cross-sectional differences may reflect measurement bias rather than differences in cognitive aging and an underestimation of cognitive abilities among Spanish speakers. HIGHLIGHTS: Baseline disparities in cognition were observed across all domains, except for language, with Spanish-test-takers scoring significantly lower than English-test-takers. Despite baseline differences, rates of cognitive decline were largely similar across language groups, suggesting potential measurement bias rather than differences in cognitive aging. Spanish-test-takers showed greater maintenance in attention over time, pointing to possible benefits from repeated testing or cultural factors that warrant further investigation.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","year":2025,"id":575748,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.7977,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1484335,"name":"R. del Carpio","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":303806,"name":"Wassim Tarraf","orcid":"0000-0001-8888-7918","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1484336,"name":"Alyssa L. Lawrence","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1484337,"name":"A Lemus","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1092011,"name":"Rachel Membreno","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1484338,"name":"Carmen Chek","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":830150,"name":"Ursula G. Saelzler","orcid":"0000-0001-7853-1416","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1267912,"name":"Elsa Baena","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":312156,"name":"Alejandra Morlett Paredes","orcid":"0000-0002-1027-537X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":303809,"name":"Ariana M. Stickel","orcid":"0000-0002-6312-2377","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1150525,"name":"Carlos Araujo-Menendez","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":52,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:57:52.712371Z","pmid":"40990058","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}