{"doi":"10.1002/alz.70639","title":"Real‐world observations of GLP‐1 receptor agonists and SGLT‐2 inhibitors as potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have potential beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: We conducted pharmacoepidemiologic studies using two large-scale real-world databases. We fitted covariate-adjusted Cox models to compare the risks of AD among initiators of GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors. RESULTS: We identified GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitors initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio [HR] ≤ 0.69 and P value < 0.001) and SGLT-2 inhibitor initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitor initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (HR ≤ 0.67 and P value < 0.001). DISCUSSION: GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation and SGLT-2 inhibitor initiation are associated with a reduced risk of AD. Randomized clinical trials are warranted to validate the causal beneficial effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors in AD. HIGHLIGHTS: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are significantly associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are significantly associated with a reduced risk of AD compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Two GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide and semaglutide) and three SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin) are associated with a reduced risk of AD in drug-specific sensitivity analyses.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","year":2025,"id":511357,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9571,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":554595,"name":"Chengsheng Mao","orcid":"0000-0002-1515-9626","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1150920,"name":"Anna Sun","orcid":"0009-0007-6467-0563","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1150921,"name":"Yuedi Yang","orcid":"0000-0003-3355-4723","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105382,"name":"Yuan Hou","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1204651,"name":"Zhimin Fu","orcid":"0000-0001-5424-6696","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1370031,"name":"Tousi Babak","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":108604,"name":"James B. Leverenz","orcid":"0000-0002-0896-0749","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":247916,"name":"Andrew A. Pieper","orcid":"0000-0001-6299-6577","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":58247,"name":"Yuan Luo","orcid":"0000-0003-0195-7456","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":622010,"name":"Jeffrey Cummings","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":69831,"name":"Feixiong Cheng","orcid":"0000-0002-1736-2847","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1150922,"name":"Pengyue Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-9148-5589","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":57,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:47:55.918021Z","pmid":"40898408","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}