{"doi":"10.1002/alz.70514","title":"Cytokines and immune biomarkers in neurodegeneration and cognitive function: A systematic review among individuals of African ancestry","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokines and immune markers are critical in mediating inflammation associated with neurodegenerative disease. This review analyzes the role of inflammatory cytokines and immune markers in neurodegeneration among African populations.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of studies examining cytokine levels in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on populations of African ancestry.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokines like interleukin (IL)‐6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and IL‐8. IL‐6 emerged as a key pro‐inflammatory marker linked to neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline, showing stronger correlations in African ancestry populations compared to Caucasians. Genetic findings revealed triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variants and Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb rs1050501 genotypes as influential in Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related inflammation, alongside a unique correlation between immunoglobulin G index inflammatory markers and AD in African ancestry populations.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings emphasize the crucial role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding their variations among African populations can inform targeted therapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Interleukin (IL)‐6 was identified as a key pro‐inflammatory marker, consistently linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and dementia, underscoring its significant role in neurodegenerative disease progression.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor levels were associated with improved cognitive performance, particularly in African American participants.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Observational studies identified sex‐based differences in IL‐10 levels, particularly among older African American women.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The review highlights notable ethnic differences in cytokines like IL‐8, IL‐1β, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, emphasizing their roles in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in people of African descent.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variants, immunoglobulin GM allotypes, and Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb rs1050501 genotypes were found to influence AD‐related inflammation and progression in African ancestry populations.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                      </jats:list>\n                    </jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>","journal":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","year":2025,"id":629794,"datarank":0.38474240361923057,"base_score":2.5649493574615367,"endowment":2.5649493574615367,"self_citation_contribution":0.38474240361923057,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.38474240361923057,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":12,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1023865,"name":"Ansumana Bockarie","orcid":"0000-0003-1173-1493","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1576857,"name":"George Nkrumah Osei","orcid":"0009-0002-5379-963X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1576859,"name":"David Mawutor Donkor","orcid":"0009-0005-2923-3873","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1576865,"name":"David Larbi Simpong","orcid":"0000-0002-9194-3762","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":614326,"name":"Maxwell Hubert Antwi","orcid":"0000-0002-5997-9829","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Cytokines and immune biomarkers in neurodegeneration and cognitive function: A systematic review among individuals of African ancestry","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokines and immune markers are critical in mediating inflammation associated with neurodegenerative disease. This review analyzes the role of inflammatory cytokines and immune markers in neurodegeneration among African populations.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of studies examining cytokine levels in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on populations of African ancestry.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytokines like interleukin (IL)‐6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and IL‐8. IL‐6 emerged as a key pro‐inflammatory marker linked to neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline, showing stronger correlations in African ancestry populations compared to Caucasians. Genetic findings revealed triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variants and Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb rs1050501 genotypes as influential in Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related inflammation, alongside a unique correlation between immunoglobulin G index inflammatory markers and AD in African ancestry populations.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings emphasize the crucial role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding their variations among African populations can inform targeted therapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes.</jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights</jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Interleukin (IL)‐6 was identified as a key pro‐inflammatory marker, consistently linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and dementia, underscoring its significant role in neurodegenerative disease progression.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor levels were associated with improved cognitive performance, particularly in African American participants.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Observational studies identified sex‐based differences in IL‐10 levels, particularly among older African American women.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The review highlights notable ethnic differences in cytokines like IL‐8, IL‐1β, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, emphasizing their roles in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in people of African descent.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variants, immunoglobulin GM allotypes, and Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb rs1050501 genotypes were found to influence AD‐related inflammation and progression in African ancestry populations.</jats:p>\n                        </jats:list-item>\n                      </jats:list>\n                    </jats:p>\n                  </jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"40709483","pmcid":"PMC12290485","openalex_id":null,"authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":null,"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/alz.70514","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/alz.70514","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12290485","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12290485?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":[],"mesh_terms":["Humans","Alzheimer Disease","Neurodegenerative Diseases","Cytokines","Cognition","Biomarkers","Cognitive Dysfunction","Black People"],"keywords":["Cytokines","Cognition","Neurodegeneration","African Ancestry","Immune Markers"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"refsnp"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-05T19:41:40.317642Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}