{"doi":"10.1002/alz.70450","title":"Association of language markers with future cognitive impairment and presence of limbic predominant age related TDP‐43 encephalopathy","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Accessible biomarkers for prediction of cognitive impairment and diagnosis of limbic predominant age related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) are needed. METHODS: Written descriptions of the cookie-theft picture were produced by 134 participants of the Leisure World Cohort Study who subsequently joined the 90+ Study and underwent regular assessments and autopsy. We examined the relationships between linguistic markers and future cognitive impairment and the presence of neuropathologic changes. RESULTS: Mean age at writing was 85 and there was an average interval of 8 years to the development of cognitive impairment. Future cognitive impairment was associated with less grammatical units, fewer clauses, and fewer pictorial themes. LATE-NC was the only neuropathologic change associated with language markers, including higher proportions of content words, less complete units, and more closed class word errors. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that linguistic markers obtained long before the development of cognitive impairment might serve as biomarkers for future cognitive impairment and LATE-NC. HIGHLIGHTS: We analyzed the writing samples of 134 participants in the Leisure World Cohort Study who later joined the 90+ Study and had longitudinal assessments and came to autopsy. We found that features extracted from these writing samples differed between participants who died with cognitive impairment and those who died with normal cognition. Of note, participants who developed cognitive impairment were all cognitively normal at the time of writing of the samples and developed cognitive impairment on average 8 years later. We found a different set of features were related to the presence of limbic predominant age related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) at post mortem. No features were related to either Alzheimer's disease neuropathology or Lewy body (LB) pathology.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","year":2025,"id":569993,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":0.0,"corpus_rank":10062,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.7203,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":8.3333,"fair_percentile":26.47508407214919,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":333155,"name":"Zainab Khan","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1412464,"name":"Annelisse El‐Khoury","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1475047,"name":"Giovanna Bubbico","orcid":"0000-0002-2971-0255","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":474420,"name":"Golnoush Akhlaghipour","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":308297,"name":"María M. Corrada","orcid":"0000-0002-8168-8593","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49957,"name":"Claudia H. Kawas","orcid":"0000-0001-9577-230X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":420871,"name":"Annlia Paganini‐Hill","orcid":"0000-0003-4106-3334","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332143,"name":"S. Ahmad Sajjadi","orcid":"0000-0002-8960-2213","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":45,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:57:03.510013Z","pmid":"40637134","pmcid":"PMC12242692","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":22.2222,"fair_a":18.75,"fair_i":20.0,"fair_r":25.0,"fair_zscore":-1.0337,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":8.33,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":22.22,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No persistent identifier string (DOI, Handle, ARK, repository accession) is provided for the dataset; the paper's own DOI is for the article, not the data.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No repository is named as the holder of the data; 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A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No persistent identifier string (DOI, Handle, ARK, repository accession) is provided for the dataset; the paper's own DOI is for the article, not the data.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. 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A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier (accession, DOI, RRID, assembly ID) for any external resource (e.g., reference database, cohort, code) is provided in the text.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper makes no statement about when the data are available or how long they persist.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T13:53:24.229217Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}