{"doi":"10.1002/alz.13774","title":"Longitudinal normative standards for cognitive tests and composites using harmonized data from two Wisconsin AD‐risk‐enriched cohorts","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Published norms are typically cross-sectional and often are not sensitive to preclinical cognitive changes due to dementia. We developed and validated demographically adjusted cross-sectional and longitudinal normative standards using harmonized outcomes from two Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk-enriched cohorts. METHODS: Data from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention and the Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center were combined. Quantile regression was used to develop unconditional (cross-sectional) and conditional (longitudinal) normative standards for 18 outcomes using data from cognitively unimpaired participants (N = 1390; mean follow-up = 9.25 years). Validity analyses (N = 2456) examined relationships between percentile scores (centiles), consensus-based cognitive statuses, and AD biomarker levels. RESULTS: Unconditional and conditional centiles were lower in those with consensus-based impairment or biomarker positivity. Similarly, quantitative biomarker levels were higher in those whose centiles suggested decline. DISCUSSION: This study presents normative standards for cognitive measures sensitive to pre-clinical changes. Future directions will investigate potential clinical applications of longitudinal normative standards. HIGHLIGHTS: Quantile regression was used to construct longitudinal norms for cognitive tests. Poorer percentile scores were related to concurrent diagnosis and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. A ShinyApp was built to display test scores and norms and flag low performance.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","year":2024,"id":422513,"datarank":0.5254938891351749,"base_score":3.295836866004329,"endowment":3.295836866004329,"self_citation_contribution":0.4943755299006494,"citation_network_contribution":0.031118359234525456,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4943755299006494,"citer_contribution":0.031118359234525456,"corpus_percentile":63.1082230989402,"corpus_rank":4770,"citation_count":26,"citer_count":3,"citers_with_citation_signal":2,"citers_with_endowment":2,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9048,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":289691,"name":"Bruce P. Hermann","orcid":"0000-0003-0133-4427","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":311269,"name":"Kimberly D. Mueller","orcid":"0000-0001-8691-9517","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289690,"name":"Lindsay R. Clark","orcid":"0000-0003-4837-7627","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340627,"name":"Lianlian Du","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289688,"name":"Tobey J. Betthauser","orcid":"0000-0001-8856-1352","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289692,"name":"Karly Alex Cody","orcid":"0000-0001-5996-2560","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":500811,"name":"Carey E. Gleason","orcid":"0000-0001-6210-4671","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270461,"name":"Bradley T. Christian","orcid":"0000-0002-9653-559X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289695,"name":"Sanjay Asthana","orcid":"0000-0002-3998-4479","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":395992,"name":"Richard J. Chappell","orcid":"0000-0002-3891-0881","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289693,"name":"Nathaniel A. Chin","orcid":"0000-0001-8008-9356","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230038,"name":"Sterling C. Johnson","orcid":"0000-0002-8501-545X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1160541,"name":"Rebecca E. Langhough","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289689,"name":"Erin M. Jonaitis","orcid":"0009-0004-5091-8255","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":59,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:57:51.642883Z","pmid":"38539269","pmcid":"PMC11095443","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}