{"doi":"10.1002/alz.13480","title":"Heterogeneous treatment effects of metformin on risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal observational study","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the heterogeneous treatment effects of metformin on dementia risk in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: Participants (≥ 50 years) with T2D and normal cognition at baseline were identified from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database (2005-2021). We applied a doubly robust learning approach to estimate risk differences (RD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for dementia risk between metformin use and no use in the overall population and subgroups identified through a decision tree model. RESULTS: Among 1393 participants, 104 developed dementia over a 4-year median follow-up. Metformin was significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia in the overall population (RD, -3.2%; 95% CI, -6.2% to -0.2%). We identified four subgroups with varied risks for dementia, defined by neuropsychiatric disorders, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidepressant use. DISCUSSION: Metformin use was significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia in individuals with T2D, with significant variability among subgroups.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","year":2023,"id":334836,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9397,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":415391,"name":"Jingchuan Guo","orcid":"0000-0001-9799-2592","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":703888,"name":"C. Elizabeth Shaaban","orcid":"0000-0002-3016-1951","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1063756,"name":"Feng Zheng","orcid":"0000-0002-7011-2310","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285007,"name":"Yonghui Wu","orcid":"0000-0002-6780-6135","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":874913,"name":"Tanja Magoč","orcid":"0000-0001-8213-2266","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":368454,"name":"Xia Hu","orcid":"0000-0003-2234-3226","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":404842,"name":"William T. Donahoo","orcid":"0000-0002-2126-860X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":70543,"name":"Steven T. DeKosky","orcid":"0000-0003-3743-2758","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23318,"name":"Jiang Bian","orcid":"0000-0002-2238-5429","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":545934,"name":"Huilin Tang","orcid":"0000-0002-5814-6657","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":59,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:09:53.742667Z","pmid":"37830443","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}