{"doi":"10.1002/alz.13072","title":"Social connections and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in 13 longitudinal cohort studies of ageing","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Previous meta-analyses have linked social connections and mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality. However, these used aggregate data from North America and Europe and examined a limited number of social connection markers. METHODS: = 3.22 years) from 13 longitudinal ageing studies. A two-stage meta-analysis of Cox regression models examined the association between social connection markers with our primary outcomes. RESULTS: We found associations between good social connections structure and quality and lower risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI); between social structure and function and lower risk of incident dementia and mortality. Only in Asian cohorts, being married/in a relationship was associated with reduced risk of dementia, and having a confidante was associated with reduced risk of dementia and mortality. DISCUSSION: Different aspects of social connections - structure, function, and quality - are associated with benefits for healthy aging internationally. HIGHLIGHTS: Social connection structure (being married/in a relationship, weekly community group engagement, weekly family/friend interactions) and quality (never lonely) were associated with lower risk of incident MCI. Social connection structure (monthly/weekly friend/family interactions) and function (having a confidante) were associated with lower risk of incident dementia. Social connection structure (living with others, yearly/monthly/weekly community group engagement) and function (having a confidante) were associated with lower risk of mortality. Evidence from 13 longitudinal cohort studies of ageing indicates that social connections are important targets for reducing risk of incident MCI, incident dementia, and mortality. Only in Asian cohorts, being married/in a relationship was associated with reduced risk of dementia, and having a confidante was associated with reduced risk of dementia and mortality.","journal":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","year":2023,"id":320574,"datarank":0.9518160654886019,"base_score":3.8918202981106265,"endowment":3.8918202981106265,"self_citation_contribution":0.5837730447165941,"citation_network_contribution":0.36804302077200773,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5837730447165941,"citer_contribution":0.36804302077200773,"corpus_percentile":78.79631778448208,"corpus_rank":2742,"citation_count":48,"citer_count":40,"citers_with_citation_signal":18,"citers_with_endowment":18,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5363,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":4.1667,"fair_percentile":4.891470498318557,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":845865,"name":"Suraj Samtani","orcid":"0000-0002-9957-1916","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":845866,"name":"Ben C. 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Lipnicki","orcid":"0000-0002-1684-3577","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":39491,"name":"Maria Fernanda Lima‐Costa","orcid":"0000-0002-3474-2980","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":845867,"name":"Sérgio Luís Blay","orcid":"0000-0002-0568-9375","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1019083,"name":"Erico Castro‐Costa","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":847001,"name":"Xiao Shifu","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251475,"name":"Maëlenn Guerchet","orcid":"0000-0002-0470-5556","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251476,"name":"Pierre‐Marie Preux","orcid":"0000-0002-2171-2977","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":845868,"name":"Antoine Gbessemehlan","orcid":"0000-0002-0725-8253","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":328756,"name":"Ingmar Skoog","orcid":"0000-0002-9803-3438","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":328757,"name":"Jenna Najar","orcid":"0000-0002-1762-4413","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":328758,"name":"Therese Rydberg Sterner","orcid":"0000-0001-8202-8522","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":328759,"name":"Nikolaos Scarmeas","orcid":"0000-0001-6453-8908","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":22129,"name":"Mary Yanakoulia","orcid":"0000-0003-2171-7337","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1021807,"name":"Themis Dardiotis","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":869185,"name":"Ki‐Woong Kim","orcid":null,"position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6062,"name":"Steffi G. 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Chang","orcid":"0000-0003-3665-6928","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295975,"name":"Michael Crowe","orcid":"0000-0001-7736-4441","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251497,"name":"Tze Pin Ng","orcid":"0000-0001-9585-855X","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251499,"name":"Xinyi Gwee","orcid":"0000-0003-3570-1352","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1031725,"name":"Denise Qian Ling Chua","orcid":null,"position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1031285,"name":"Joanna Rymaszewska","orcid":"0000-0001-8985-3592","position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1031286,"name":"Karin Wolf‐Ostermann","orcid":"0000-0001-8513-3125","position":31,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":302683,"name":"Anna‐Karin Welmer","orcid":"0000-0001-5819-8724","position":32,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1031287,"name":"Jean Stafford","orcid":"0000-0002-0144-9200","position":33,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":845869,"name":"René J. F. 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For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not provide a persistent identifier for its own dataset; the article DOI is not a dataset identifier, and no other PID scheme string is given for the data.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/4 passes agreed)]","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"Neither a version token nor a date is provided to identify a specific snapshot of the harmonized dataset.","gain":4.17,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","dimension":"F","label":"Data-availability statement","action":"Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"All aggregate participant data are presented either in the manuscript or appendix. Individual participant data cannot be made publicly available because they are protected by a confidentiality agreement. Data were provided by the contributing studies to COSMIC on the understanding and proviso that the relevant study leaders be contacted for further use of their data and additional formal data sharing agreements be made. Researchers can apply to use COSMIC data by completing a COSMIC Research Proposal Form available from https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/consortia/cosmic/research-proposals.","why":"The statement points to the article and supplementary materials for aggregate data (Colavizza category 2) and to a third-party application process for individual data, not to a repository record. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Social connections markers addressed structure (i.e., relationship status, living situation, community group engagement, interactions with family/friends), function (i.e., having a confidante, degree of social support), and quality (i.e., loneliness and relationship satisfaction); all were harmonized in accordance with previous COSMIC research.","why":"The dataset content is described in running prose within the methods, not in an itemised inventory such as a 'Data Records' section, table, or list. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/4 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Researchers can apply to use COSMIC data by completing a COSMIC Research Proposal Form available from https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/consortia/cosmic/research-proposals.","why":"The paper does not label the access level with a standard vocabulary; it describes an action to obtain individual data, which implies a restricted access level, but no explicit label is given. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In neuroimaging, describe the data with BIDS, NIfTI or DICOM.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"This study is presented using STROBE guidelines (Table S1).","why":"STROBE is a manuscript reporting guideline from the EQUATOR Network, not a data or metadata community standard, placing it in class 2. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (3/4 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","dimension":"R","label":"Provenance of the data","action":"Name the instruments, kits, and software — with versions — that produced the data, not just the verbs. 'Reads were aligned' is not provenance; 'aligned with STAR v2.7.9a to GRCh38' is, because someone else can rerun it.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No specific instruments, kits, or software used to produce the original data are named; only the analysis software is mentioned. [majority verdict 'no' (2/4 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Further information related to the harmonization of these variables and their coding can be found in Tables S3-S10.","why":"Variable definitions are provided in supplementary tables within the article, not as a separate documentation object shipped with the data. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (3/4 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Researchers can apply to use COSMIC data by completing a COSMIC Research Proposal Form available from https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/consortia/cosmic/research-proposals.","why":"COSMIC provides a registered application process, which qualifies as an institutional gatekeeper for the sensitive human-subject data. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/4 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not provide identifiers (e.g., accessions, DOIs) for the source cohort datasets or any other external resource; it only names them without identifiers.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper states neither when the data become available (beyond the published article) nor how long they persist; no temporal commitment is made.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"unpaywall_pdf","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:23:10.750278Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}