{"doi":"10.1002/ajmg.c.20013","title":"Family, twin, and adoption studies of bipolar disorder","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Family, twin, and adoption studies have been essential in defining the genetic epidemiology of bipolar disorder over the past several decades. Family studies have documented that first‐degree relatives of affected individuals have an excess risk of the disorder, while twin studies (and to a lesser extent, adoption studies) suggest that genes are largely responsible for this familial aggregation. We review these studies, including the magnitude of familial risk and heritability estimates, efforts to identify familial subtypes of bipolar disorder, and the implications of family/genetic data for validating nosologic boundaries. Taken together, these studies indicate that bipolar disorder is phenotypically and genetically complex. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</jats:p>","journal":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics","year":2003,"id":14383,"datarank":11.817317859837468,"base_score":6.566672429803241,"endowment":6.566672429803241,"self_citation_contribution":0.9850008644704863,"citation_network_contribution":10.832316995366982,"self_endowment_contribution":0.9850008644704863,"citer_contribution":10.832316995366982,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":710,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":6,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":113852,"name":"Christine T. Finn","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104618,"name":"Jordan W. Smoller","orcid":"0000-0002-0381-6334","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":6.566672429803241,"endowment":6.566672429803241,"datacite_reuse_total":6,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"14601036","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2133752646","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":8.4781,"citation_percentile":0.98408686,"influential_citations":27,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":41},{"year":2013,"count":39},{"year":2014,"count":34},{"year":2015,"count":39},{"year":2016,"count":42},{"year":2017,"count":37},{"year":2018,"count":24},{"year":2019,"count":35},{"year":2020,"count":47},{"year":2021,"count":35},{"year":2022,"count":39},{"year":2023,"count":30},{"year":2024,"count":32},{"year":2025,"count":26},{"year":2026,"count":6}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fajmg.c.20013","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajmg.c.20013","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.20013","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14601036","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456.6790","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Bipolar Disorder and Treatment","Adolescent and Pediatric Healthcare","Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","Biology","Medicine","Psychology","Adoption","Biomarkers","Bipolar Disorder","Genetic Predisposition to Disease","Humans","Siblings","Twin Studies as Topic"],"mesh_terms":["Adoption","Bipolar Disorder","Humans","Biomarkers","Twin Studies as Topic","Genetic Predisposition to Disease","Siblings"],"keywords":["Bipolar disorder","Twin study","Family studies","Heritability","Family aggregation","Family history","Genetic epidemiology","First-degree relatives","Psychology","Epidemiology","Psychiatry","Clinical psychology","Genetics","Medicine","Biology","Population","Environmental health","Cognition"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12900757.v1","title":"Additional file 1 of Bipolar offspring and mothers: interactional challenges at infant age 3 and 12 months—a developmental pathway to enhanced risk?","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12900757","title":"Additional file 1 of Bipolar offspring and mothers: interactional challenges at infant age 3 and 12 months—a developmental pathway to enhanced risk?","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12900760.v1","title":"Additional file 2 of Bipolar offspring and mothers: interactional challenges at infant age 3 and 12 months—a developmental pathway to enhanced risk?","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12900760","title":"Additional file 2 of Bipolar offspring and mothers: interactional challenges at infant age 3 and 12 months—a developmental pathway to enhanced risk?","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12900763.v1","title":"Additional file 3 of Bipolar offspring and mothers: interactional challenges at infant age 3 and 12 months—a developmental pathway to enhanced risk?","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12900763","title":"Additional file 3 of Bipolar offspring and mothers: interactional challenges at infant age 3 and 12 months—a developmental pathway to enhanced risk?","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-01T09:19:01.930977Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}