{"doi":"10.1002/admt.202401200","title":"A Subtractive Method to Chemically Pattern Liquid Metal for Stretchable Circuits","abstract":"Advancements in biomedical research have spurred the development of stretchable electronic devices. While soft insulators are readily available, soft conductors with metal-like electrical conductivity are rare. Gallium and its alloys, being non-toxic and intrinsically stretchable, are potentially ideal solutions. However, current additive liquid metal (LM) patterning methods face limitations in achieving high-throughput, high-resolution, and high-density LM wiring. Here, a subtractive LM patterning method has been developed to meet all these requirements simultaneously. The innovative method involves parallel filling a single continuous microfluidic mesh network with LM that short-circuits all the pins and pads of a circuit, followed by parallel cutting of the unwanted short-circuited interconnections using hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapor. Cutting locations are pre-defined by designing narrower intersecting channels, leveraging capillary force for precise filling and cutting. The process was characterized using a multi-dimensional parametric study with varying LM line widths and HCl concentrations, and in-situ impedance measurements to assess insulation performance. To showcase its high-throughput capabilities, a mock circuit was used to successfully generate complex LM interconnects that connected hundreds of electrical pads. Lastly, a stretchable LM circuit, fabricated using the subtractive LM patterning method, was integrated with a micro-LED array, highlighting the practical application of this new technology in creating massively parallel LM wirings in complex, heterogeneous, and stretchable electronic circuits.","journal":"Advanced Materials Technologies","year":2024,"id":466387,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9527,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":493665,"name":"Tingyi Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-8928-1560","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1298152,"name":"Kaushal Sumaria","orcid":"0000-0001-7940-9156","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:54.606394Z","pmid":"40248045","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}