{"doi":"10.1002/admt.202400444","title":"Surface‐Level Muscle Deformation as a Correlate for Joint Torque","abstract":"Abstract Wearable technology excels in estimating kinematic and physiological data, but estimating biological torques remains an open challenge. Deformation of the skin above contracting muscles—surface‐level muscle deformation—has emerged as a promising signal for joint torque estimation. However, a lack of ground‐truth measures of surface‐level muscle deformation has complicated the evaluation of wearable sensors designed to measure surface‐level muscle deformation. A non‐contact methodology is proposed for ground‐truth measurement of surface‐level muscle deformation using a 2D laser profilometer. It shows how three metrics of surface‐level muscle deformation—peak radial displacement: r = 0.94 ± 0.05, surface curvature: r = 0.78 ± 0.10, surface strain: r = 0.83 ± 0.12—correlate strongly to changes in volitional elbow torque, further exploring the impact of measurement location or joint angle on these relationships. A nonlinear, lead‐lag relationship between surface‐level muscle deformation and torque is also found. The findings suggest that surface‐level muscle deformation is a promising signal for non‐invasive, real‐time estimates of torque. By standardizing measurement, the methodology can help inform the design of future wearable sensors.","journal":"Advanced Materials Technologies","year":2024,"id":454526,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9564,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1278463,"name":"Ariane de Marcillac","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1207516,"name":"Yichu Jin","orcid":"0009-0000-5167-0950","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1278027,"name":"Lucas Gerez","orcid":"0000-0002-2997-4672","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1278028,"name":"Oluwaseun A. Araromi","orcid":"0000-0002-4780-8408","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":276923,"name":"Conor J. Walsh","orcid":"0000-0002-2744-917X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1064558,"name":"Jonathan T. Alvarez","orcid":"0000-0003-0679-895X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":71,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:03:12.720997Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}