{"doi":"10.1002/14651858.cd013856.pub2","title":"Physical exercise for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is effective in managing Parkinson's disease (PD), but the relative benefit of different exercise types remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of different types of physical exercise in adults with PD on the severity of motor signs, quality of life (QoL), and the occurrence of adverse events, and to generate a clinically meaningful treatment ranking using network meta-analyses (NMAs). SEARCH METHODS: An experienced information specialist performed a systematic search for relevant articles in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and five other databases to 17 May 2021. We also searched trial registries, conference proceedings, and reference lists of identified studies up to this date. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing one type of physical exercise for adults with PD to another type of exercise, a control group, or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted data. A third author was involved in case of disagreements. We categorized the interventions and analyzed their effects on the severity of motor signs, QoL, freezing of gait, and functional mobility and balance up to six weeks after the intervention using NMAs. Two review authors independently assessed the risk of bias using the risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) tool and rated the confidence in the evidence using the CINeMA approach for results on the severity of motor signs and QoL. We consulted a third review author to resolve any disagreements. Due to heterogeneous reporting of adverse events, we summarized safety data narratively and rated our confidence in the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included 156 RCTs with a total of 7939 participants with mostly mild to moderate disease and no major cognitive impairment. The number of participants per study was small (mean 51, range from 10 to 474). The NMAs on the severity of motor signs and QoL included data from 71 (3196 participants), and 55 (3283 participants) trials, respectively. Eighty-five studies (5192 participants) provided safety data. Here, we present the main results. We observed evidence of beneficial effects for most types of physical exercise included in our review compared to a passive control group. The effects on the severity of motor signs and QoL are expressed as scores on the motor scale of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-M) and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39), respectively. For both scales, higher scores denote higher symptom burden. Therefore, negative estimates reflect improvement (minimum clinically important difference: -2.5 for UPDRS-M and -4.72 for PDQ-39). Severity of motor signs The evidence from the NMA (71 studies; 3196 participants) suggests that dance has a moderate beneficial effect on the severity of motor signs (mean difference (MD) -10.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) -15.54 to -4.96; high confidence), and aqua-based, gait/balance/functional, and multi-domain training might have a moderate beneficial effect on the severity of motor signs (aqua-based: MD -7.77, 95% CI -13.27 to -2.28; gait/balance/functional: MD -7.37, 95% CI -11.39 to -3.35; multi-domain: MD -6.97, 95% CI -10.32 to -3.62; low confidence). The evidence also suggests that mind-body training and endurance training might have a small beneficial effect on the severity of motor signs (mind-body: MD -6.57, 95% CI -10.18 to -2.81; endurance: MD -6.43, 95% CI -10.72 to -2.28; low confidence). Flexibility training might have a trivial or no effect on the severity of motor signs (MD 2.01, 95% CI -4.82 to 8.98; low confidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of strength/resistance training and \"Lee Silverman Voice training BIG\" (LSVT BIG) on the severity of motor signs (strength/resistance: MD -6.97, 95% CI -11.93 to -2.01; LSVT BIG: MD -5.49, 95% CI -14.74 to 3.62; very low confidence). Quality of life The evidence from the NMA (55 studies; 3283 participants) su","journal":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","year":2023,"id":315218,"datarank":3.623694222943228,"base_score":5.288267030694535,"endowment":5.288267030694535,"self_citation_contribution":0.7932400546041803,"citation_network_contribution":2.8304541683390476,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7932400546041803,"citer_contribution":2.8304541683390476,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":197,"citer_count":100,"citers_with_citation_signal":100,"citers_with_endowment":100,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9615,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"ClinicalTrials.gov":["NCT04012086","NCT02488265","NCT00750945","NCT03079817","NCT02509611","NCT00591344","NCT01388556","NCT02622737","NCT03213873","NCT00982709","NCT02231073","NCT02236286","NCT00611481","NCT04048291","NCT01701128","NCT02807740","NCT01120392","NCT02999997","NCT01573260","NCT02966600","NCT03235284","NCT01257945","NCT01506479","NCT02253563","NCT01939717","NCT02302144","NCT03193268","NCT03189680","NCT02902510","NCT02418780","NCT01799681","NCT01301651","NCT03689764","NCT03882398","NCT03463330","NCT03637023","NCT04291027","NCT02593955","NCT03495193","NCT00004760","NCT00029809","NCT00167453","NCT00387218","NCT01014663","NCT01076712","NCT01246700","NCT01427062","NCT01439022","NCT01562496","NCT01757509","NCT01835652","NCT01960985","NCT02017938","NCT02267785","NCT02419768","NCT02476240","NCT02476266","NCT02615548","NCT02656355","NCT02674724","NCT02745171","NCT02816619","NCT03212014","NCT03406728","NCT03443752","NCT03568903","NCT03618901","NCT01636297","NCT02457832","NCT03244813","NCT03343574","NCT03560089","NCT03563807","NCT03582371","NCT03711955","NCT03751371","NCT02885285","NCT03833349","NCT03860649","NCT03882879","NCT03960931","NCT03972969","NCT03974529","NCT03983785","NCT04000360","NCT04046276","NCT04063605","NCT04122690","NCT04135924","NCT04194762","NCT04215900","NCT04379778","NCT04558879","NCT04613141","NCT04644367","NCT04665869","NCT04699617","NCT04863118","NCT04872153","NCT04878679"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1016088,"name":"Ann‐Kristin Folkerts","orcid":"0000-0003-2168-140X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016089,"name":"Romina Gollan","orcid":"0009-0006-8781-9327","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016090,"name":"Emma Lieker","orcid":"0000-0001-6887-3412","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016091,"name":"Julia Caro-Valenzuela","orcid":"0000-0002-1751-1638","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016092,"name":"Anne Adams","orcid":"0000-0003-3286-1131","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":70565,"name":"Nora Cryns","orcid":"0000-0002-2271-0340","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":70559,"name":"Ina Monsef","orcid":"0000-0002-7794-9383","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016093,"name":"Antje Dresen","orcid":"0000-0001-7684-9391","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016094,"name":"Mandy Roheger","orcid":"0000-0002-6015-3194","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":513500,"name":"Carsten Eggers","orcid":"0000-0001-7564-6701","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":70568,"name":"Nicole Skoetz","orcid":"0000-0003-4744-6192","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016095,"name":"Elke Kalbe","orcid":"0000-0001-8603-2545","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1016087,"name":"Moritz Ernst","orcid":"0000-0003-0360-913X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":378,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:06:25.560098Z","pmid":"36602886","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}