{"doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47207","title":"Analysis of Daily Ambient Temperature and Firearm Violence in 100 US Cities","abstract":"Importance: Firearm violence is a leading public health crisis in the US. Understanding whether and how ambient temperature is associated with firearm violence may identify new avenues for prevention and intervention. Objective: To estimate the overall and regional association between hotter temperatures and higher risk of firearm violence in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used distributed lag nonlinear models, controlling for seasonality and long-term time trends by city and pooled results overall and by climate region. The most populous cities in the US with the highest number of assault-related firearm incidence (ie, shootings) from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. Data analysis was performed from October 2021 to June 2022. Exposures: Maximum daily temperature by city. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of assault-related firearm shootings by city. Results: A total of 116 511 shootings in 100 cities were included in this analysis. The pooled analysis estimated that 6.85% (95% CI, 6.09%-7.46%) of all shootings were attributable to days hotter than city-specific median temperatures. This equates to 7973 total shootings (95% CI, 7092-8688 total shootings) across the 100 cities over the 6-year study period, although the number of total persons injured or killed would be higher. Estimated risk of firearm incidents increased almost monotonically with higher temperatures, with a local peak at the 84th percentile of the temperature range corresponding to a relative risk of 1.17 (95% CI, 1.12-1.21) compared with the median temperature. However, even moderately hot temperatures were associated with higher risk of shootings. Although significant, there was low heterogeneity between cities (I2 = 11.7%; Cochran Q test, P = .02), indicating regional or climate-specific variation in the daily temperature and incident shootings relationship. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings underscore the importance of heat adaptation strategies broadly throughout the year to reduce shootings, rather than focusing on only the hottest days.","journal":"JAMA Network Open","year":2022,"id":242746,"datarank":0.5606504427425053,"base_score":3.7376696182833684,"endowment":3.7376696182833684,"self_citation_contribution":0.5606504427425053,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5606504427425053,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":41,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.7043,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":649643,"name":"Emma Gause","orcid":"0000-0002-1484-5296","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266160,"name":"Keith R. Spangler","orcid":"0000-0002-8904-7280","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266061,"name":"Gregory A. Wellenius","orcid":"0000-0003-0427-7376","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231223,"name":"Jonathan Jay","orcid":"0000-0002-7543-4247","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":686174,"name":"Vivian H. Lyons","orcid":"0000-0003-0481-5939","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":35,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:23:10.218426Z","pmid":"36525273","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}